Table 1.
Psychopathology and cognition outcome measures by treatment groups and the mixed model analysis
| Insulin (N=21) | Placebo (N=24) | Mixed model | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Baseline Mean (SD) |
Week 8 Mean (SD) |
Baseline Mean (SD) |
Week 8 Mean (SD) |
Estimation | t Test | df | p |
| PANSS total | 77.0 (15.9) | 74.3 (19.5) | 75.5 (12.7) | 74.1 (13.5) | −0.29 | −0.73 | 38 | 0.47 |
| PANSS Positive | 17.1 (4.5) | 17.2 (5.6) | 17.5 (4.7) | 16.8 (5.1) | 0.04 | 0.31 | 38 | 0.76 |
| PANSS Negative | 20.6 (5.7) | 20.8 (6.0) | 20.5 (5.3) | 20.7 (5.8) | −0.07 | −0.52 | 38 | 0.61 |
| PANSS General Psychopathology | 37.9 (8.8) | 36.3 (9.9) | 37.5 (7.0) | 36.6 (7.4) | −0.25 | −1.14 | 38 | 0.26 |
| SANS total | 29.6 (13.6) | 30.8 (15.2) | 29.3 (11.8) | 33.5 (14.3) | −0.38 | −1.22 | 38 | 0.23 |
| CDRS total | 1.8 (3.1) | 2.1 (3.2) | 3.2 (4.5) | 2.7 (4.4) | 0.09 | 0.86 | 38 | 0.40 |
| QLS total | 73.4 (16.8) | 70.9 (16.3) | 71.3 (16.9) | 67.0 (16.8) | 0.36 | 1.20 | 37 | 0.24 |
| CPT d prime | 2.0 (1.0) | 1.9 (1.0) | 2.1 (0.8) | 2.1 (1.0) | −0.02 | −1.31 | 38 | 0.20 |
| CPT hits rate, % | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | 0.7 (0.2) | −0.004 | −0.96 | 38 | 0.35 |
| CPT reaction time of hits, milliseconds | 543.6 (121.4) | 554.1 (109.4) | 528.9 (65.9) | 522.9 (73.7) | 3.06 | 0.97 | 38 | 0.34 |
| CPT false-alarm rate, % | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | 0.1 (0.1) | −0.001 | −0.24 | 38 | 0.82 |
| Digit Span total | 12.7 (3.6) | 13.3 (4.0) | 14.0 (5.1) | 14.1 (4.9) | 0.08 | 0.79 | 38 | 0.43 |
| HVLT immediate recall total | 18.2 (6.6) | 21.4 (8.4) | 19.9 (6.5) | 23.6 (7.1) | −0.03 | −0.14 | 38 | 0.89 |
| HVLT delayed recall | 5.7 (3.6) | 6.8 (3.6) | 5.9 (3.3) | 7.8 (3.2) | −0.01 | −0.15 | 38 | 0.88 |
| Verbal fluency total | 29.7 (12.0) | 27.9 (11.6) | 26.0 (13.8) | 28.0 (13.3) | −0.37 | −1.38 | 38 | 0.17 |
| Trails A, seconds | 55.1 (28.4) | 60.6 (35.0) | 55.3 (24.6) | 52.3 (23.2) | 0.85 | 1.13 | 38 | 0.26 |
| Trails B, seconds | 131.0 (69.0) | 131.5 (62.0) | 126.2 (52.4) | 118.6 (44.1) | 2.14 | 0.99 | 28 | 0.33 |
Notes: 1) Analysis of repeated measures using mixed models was performed to compare the change over time in outcome measures between the two groups while controlling for age and education; 2) PANSS, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; 3) SANS, the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms; 4) CDRS, the Calgary Depression Rating Scale; 5) QLS, the Heinrichs-Carpenter Quality of Life Scale; 6) CPT, the Continuous Performance Test; 7) HVLT, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test.