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. 2017 Feb 22;105(4):913–927. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.137232

TABLE 2.

A comparison of whole-body composition at baseline and after 12 and 24 mo between the AL control and CR groups1

Men (n = 66)
 Women (n = 152)
 Overall (n = 218)
AL (n = 22) CR (n = 44) AL (n = 53) CR (n = 99) AL (n = 75) P-AL3 CR (n = 143) P-CR3 Overall P: AL-CR2
Weight, kg
 Baseline 79.8 ± 1.41 81.6 ± 1.25 68.0 ± 0.95 67.7 ± 0.64 71.5 ± 1.00 — 72.0 ± 0.79 — 0.978
 Δ Month 12 −0.9 ± 0.72 −9.5 ± 0.47 −0.2 ± 0.40 −7.8 ± 0.32 −0.4 ± 0.35 0.157 −8.3 ± 0.27 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 −0.2 ± 0.76 −8.9 ± 0.57 0.6 ± 0.63 −7.0 ± 0.37 0.4 ± 0.50 1.000 −7.6 ± 0.32 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 0.7 ± 0.45 0.8 ± 0.31 0.8 ± 0.58 1.0 ± 0.18 0.8 ± 0.42 0.021 0.9 ± 0.16 <0.001 0.893
Body fat, %
 Baseline 25.7 ± 0.85 26.1 ± 0.46 36.8 ± 0.58 36.0 ± 0.44 33.6 ± 0.76 — 32.9 ± 0.51 — 0.336
 Δ Month 12 −0.6 ± 0.52 −5.4 ± 0.44 −0.2 ± 0.29 −5.4 ± 0.25 −0.3 ± 0.26 0.381 −5.4 ± 0.22 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 0.4 ± 0.39 −4.8 ± 0.45 0.3 ± 0.46 −4.5 ± 0.29 0.3 ± 0.34 1.000 −4.6 ± 0.25 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 1.0 ± 0.48 0.8 ± 0.23 0.4 ± 0.41 1.0 ± 0.17 0.6 ± 0.32 0.038 1.0 ± 0.13 <0.001 0.293
Fat mass, kg
 Baseline 20.5 ± 0.83 21.3 ± 0.56 25.2 ± 0.66 24.4 ± 0.43 23.8 ± 0.58 — 23.5 ± 0.36 — 0.611
 Δ Month 12 −0.5 ± 0.55 −6.3 ± 0.43 −0.1 ± 0.33 −6.0 ± 0.25 −0.2 ± 0.28 0.777 −6.1 ± 0.22 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 0.4 ± 0.50 −5.8 ± 0.45 0.6 ± 0.53 −5.2 ± 0.29 0.5 ± 0.40 0.846 −5.4 ± 0.25 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 0.9 ± 0.45 0.7 ± 0.23 0.6 ± 0.48 0.9 ± 0.14 0.7 ± 0.36 0.014 0.9 ± 0.12 <0.001 0.761
FFM, kg
 Baseline 59.3 ± 1.12 60.3 ± 0.90 42.8 ± 0.50 43.2 ± 0.41 47.6 ± 0.99 — 48.5 ± 0.77 — 0.475
 Δ Month 12 −0.3 ± 0.25 −3.0 ± 0.20 0.0 ± 0.16 −1.6 ± 0.13 −0.1 ± 0.13 0.196 −2.0 ± 0.12 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 −0.6 ± 0.38 −3.0 ± 0.32 0.3 ± 0.22 −1.6 ± 0.17 0.0 ± 0.20 1.000 −2.0 ± 0.16 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 −0.3 ± 0.25 0.1 ± 0.20 0.3 ± 0.19 0.0 ± 0.13 0.1 ± 0.16 1.000 0.0 ± 0.11 1.000 0.596
Total lean body mass, kg
 Baseline 56.5 ± 1.07 57.5 ± 0.87 40.5 ± 0.47 40.9 ± 0.39 45.2 ± 0.96 — 46.0 ± 0.75 — 0.479
 Δ Month 12 −0.3 ± 0.26 −3.0 ± 0.20 −0.0 ± 0.15 −1.6 ± 0.13 −0.1 ± 0.13 0.147 −2.0 ± 0.13 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 −0.6 ± 0.38 −3.0 ± 0.32 0.2 ± 0.22 −1.6 ± 0.17 −0.0 ± 0.20 0.823 −2.0 ± 0.16 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 −0.3 ± 0.25 0.1 ± 0.20 0.2 ± 0.19 0.0 ± 0.13 0.1 ± 0.15 1.000 0.0 ± 0.11 1.000 0.793
Trunk FFM, kg
 Baseline 27.6 ± 0.55 27.8 ± 0.40 20.8 ± 0.28 20.7 ± 0.21 22.8 ± 0.44 — 22.9 ± 0.34 — 0.935
 Δ Month 12 0.0 ± 0.16 −1.3 ± 0.12 0.1 ± 0.09 −0.5 ± 0.08 0.1 ± 0.08 1.000 −0.8 ± 0.07 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 0.0 ± 0.21 −1.2 ± 0.17 0.1 ± 0.13 −0.6 ± 0.10 0.1 ± 0.11 1.000 −0.8 ± 0.09 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 −0.0 ± 0.20 0.2 ± 0.13 0.0 ± 0.12 −0.0 ± 0.09 0.0 ± 0.10 1.000 0.0 ± 0.07 1.000 0.807
Hydration of FFM (TBW:FFM ratio)
 Baseline 70.7 ± 0.39 70.7 ± 0.26 72.6 ± 0.32 72.9 ± 0.22 72.0 ± 0.27 — 72.2 ± 0.19 — 0.924
 Δ Month 12 0.5 ± 0.58 2.6 ± 0.26 0.7 ± 0.28 1.7 ± 0.22 0.6 ± 0.26 0.180 1.9 ± 0.18 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 0.4 ± 0.44 1.5 ± 0.23 0.7 ± 0.28 0.9 ± 0.27 0.6 ± 0.23 0.314 1.1 ± 0.21 <0.001 0.030
 Δ Month 12–24 −0.1 ± 0.45 −1.3 ± 0.25 −0.0 ± 0.32 −0.8 ± 0.27 −0.0 ± 0.26 1.000 −0.9 ± 0.20 <0.001 0.011
TBW, kg
 Baseline 41.9 ± 0.79 42.7 ± 0.62 31.0 ± 0.38 31.5 ± 0.29 34.2 ± 0.68 — 34.9 ± 0.52 — 0.419
 Δ Month 12 0.0 ± 0.39 −0.6 ± 0.22 0.3 ± 0.15 −0.4 ± 0.12 0.2 ± 0.16 0.675 −0.5 ± 0.11 0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 −0.2 ± 0.35 −1.2 ± 0.28 0.5 ± 0.21 −0.9 ± 0.16 0.3 ± 0.18 0.456 −0.9 ± 0.14 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 −0.2 ± 0.31 −0.7 ± 0.21 0.2 ± 0.21 −0.3 ± 0.13 0.1 ± 0.17 1.000 −0.4 ± 0.11 <0.001 0.010
TBW 18O, %
 Baseline 52.5 ± 0.72 52.3 ± 0.38 45.8 ± 0.49 46.6 ± 0.34 47.7 ± 0.54 — 48.3 ± 0.35 — 0.306
 Δ Month 12 0.9 ± 0.62 5.9 ± 0.44 0.8 ± 0.37 5.2 ± 0.25 0.8 ± 0.31 0.002 5.4 ± 0.22 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 0.1 ± 0.48 4.7 ± 0.41 0.5 ± 0.39 4.1 ±0.31 0.4 ± 0.30 0.133 4.3 ± 0.25 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 −0.8 ± 0.41 −1.5 ± 0.25 −0.2 ± 0.43 −1.3 ± 0.19 −0.4 ± 0.32 0.237 −1.4 ± 0.15 <0.001 0.010
Total-body protein, kg
 Baseline 14.6 ± 0.39 14.9 ± 0.32 9.5 ± 0.18 9.5 ± 0.14 11.0 ± 0.32 — 11.2 ± 0.25 — 0.713
 Δ Month 12 −0.5 ± 0.37 −2.5 ± 0.16 −0.4 ± 0.14 −1.4 ± 0.11 −0.4 ± 0.15 0.015 −1.7 ± 0.10 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 24 −0.4 ± 0.30 −1.9 ± 0.20 −0.5 ± 0.13 −0.9 ± 0.14 −0.5 ± 0.13 0.017 −1.2 ± 0.12 <0.001 <0.001
 Δ Month 12–24 0.0 ± 0.26 0.7 ± 0.16 −0.0 ± 0.18 0.4 ± 0.13 −0.0 ± 0.15 1.000 0.5 ± 0.11 <0.001 0.005
Bone mineral content, kg
 Baseline 2.78 ± 0.070 2.78 ± 0.055 2.25 ± 0.039 2.28 ± 0.030 2.40 ± 0.044 — 2.44 ± 0.033 — 0.528
 Δ Month 12 0.04 ± 0.016 0.02 ± 0.009 0.02 ± 0.009 0.01 ± 0.007 0.03 ± 0.008 <0.001 0.01 ± 0.005 0.012 0.181
 Δ Month 24 0.04 ± 0.017 −0.00 ± 0.011 0.03 ± 0.011 0.01 ± 0.007 0.03 ± 0.009 0.001 0.00 ± 0.006 1.000 0.011
 Δ Month 12–24 −0.01 ± 0.013 −0.02 ± 0.006 0.00 ± 0.007 −0.01 ± 0.004 0.00 ± 0.006 1.000 −0.01 ± 0.004 0.010 0.048
1

Values are means ± SEs for observed values at baseline and observed changes from baseline to months 12 and 24 and from month 12 to 24 shown for AL and CR groups for men, women, and all participants. P values for changes from baseline to months 12 and 24 and from month 12 to 24 are based on intention-to-treat statistical analysis of the adjusted mean change from the repeated-measures analysis adjusted for baseline covariates. AL, ad libitum control group; CR, calorie restriction group; FFM, fat-free mass; TBW, total body water.

2

Between-group P values test for a significant between-group difference in the change score at the time point. All P values reflect Bonferroni corrections, truncated at 1.0, as appropriate (see Methods).

3

Within-group P values test for a significant change from baseline to the follow-up time point and months 12–24 in that group.