Table 1.
Baseline parameters
| Parameters | Severe head injury (n = 30) | Moderate/mild head injury (n = 30) | Healthy control (n = 15) | p value | Bonferroni’s correction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 37.5 ± 13.53 | 36.6 ± 11.49 | 30.8 ± 6.64 | 0.17 | – |
| Sexa | |||||
| Male | 25 (83.33) | 28 (93.33) | 12 (80.0) | 0.40 | – |
| Female | 5 (16.67) | 2 (6.67) | 3 (20.0) | ||
| Mode of injurya | |||||
| RTA | 24 (80.0) | 20 (66.67) | – | 0.56 | |
| Fall | 4 (13.33) | 7 (23.33) | |||
| Miscellaneous | 2 (6.67) | 3 (10.0) | |||
| ICU Length of stayb | 4 (0–25) | 1 (0–12) | – | 0.0007 | |
| Hospital length of stayb | 6.5 (1–181) | 3 (1–61) | – | 0.14 | |
| Systolic BP | 123.9 ± 32.10 | 124.5 ± 18.26 | – | 0.93 | |
| Time elapsed from injury to sampling (h)b | 9 (1–24) | 6 (1–20) | – | 0.11 | |
| Urea (meq/l) | 29.5 ± 11.18 | 27.3 ± 9.77 | 26.3 ± 5.96 | 0.52 | |
| Creatinine (meq/l) | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.22 | 0.22 | |
| Sodium (meq/l) | 140.7 ± 4.8 | 140.0 ± 4.04 | 141.2 ± 2.85 | 0.63 | |
| Potassium (meq/l) | 3.9 ± 0.68 | 3.8 ± 0.56 | 4.4 ± 0.42 | 0.01 | SHI versus HC 0.04 MHI versus HC 0.01 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.1 ± 3.49 | 11.6 ± 1.76 | 13.4 ± 1.69 | 0.13 | |
| Total leukocyte count (x/cu mm)b | 15,600 (4400–25,700) | 10,500 (850–24,800) | 6800 (4300–10,200) | 0.0001 | |
| Platelet (/cu mm)b | 153 (56–338) | 150 (67–303) | 202 (120–340) | 0.10 | |
| Prothrombin time (s) | 16.5 ± 4.06 | 15.2 ± 1.99 | 15.2 ± 1.84 | 0.19 | |
| Activated partial thrombin time (s) | 29.8 ± 7.51 | 27.7 ± 4.06 | 31.5 ± 6.24 | 0.13 | |
| INR | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.01 | 0.12 | |
| Emergency surgery | |||||
| Yes | 16 | 10 | – | ||
| No | 14 | 20 | |||
| Sepsis | |||||
| Yes | 9 (30) | 4 (13.3) | |||
| No | 21 (70) | 26 (86.7) | |||
| Outcomea | |||||
| Alive | 14 (46.67) | 26 (89.66) | – | 0.001 | |
| Dead | 16 (53.33) | 3 (10.34) | |||
| Glasgow outcome score (GOS)a | |||||
| Good recovery | 0 (0.00) | 7 (25) | <0.001 | ||
| Moderate disability | 5 (17.86) | 18 (64.29) | |||
| Severe disability | 6 (21.43) | 0 (0.00) | |||
| Persistent vegetative | 0 | 0 (0.00) | |||
| Death | 16 (57.14) | 3 (10.71) | |||
One-way ANOVA applied; data represented as mean ± SD
SHI severe head injury, MHI moderate and mild head injury, HC healthy control
aFrequency (%)
bMedian (min–max)