Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of included patients
| Variable | All patients (n = 152) | Emergency department (n = 102) | Hospital wards (n = 50) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 64 (51–75) | 64 (48–76) | 64 (53–71) | 0.73 |
| Female | 69 (45) | 51 (50) | 18 (36) | 0.12 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 98 (64) | 64 (63) | 34 (68) | 0.59 |
| Black | 17 (11) | 12 (12) | 5 (10) | 1.00 |
| Hispanic | 23 (15) | 18 (18) | 5 (10) | 0.24 |
| Other | 14 (9) | 8 (8) | 6 (12) | 0.56 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Heart disease | 40 (26) | 31 (30) | 9 (18) | 0.11 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 26 (17) | 19 (19) | 7 (14) | 0.64 |
| COPD | 10 (7) | 9 (9) | 1 (2) | 0.17 |
| CKD | 29 (19) | 19 (19) | 10 (20) | 0.83 |
| Malignancy, any | 69 (45) | 36 (35) | 33 (66) | 0.0005 |
| Malignancy, hematologic | 43 (28) | 18 (18) | 25 (50) | <0.0001 |
| Immunosuppression | 66 (43) | 36 (35) | 30 (60) | 0.005 |
| Pneumonia | 62 (41) | 40 (39) | 22 (44) | 0.60 |
| Acute kidney injurya | 86 (57) | 61 (60) | 25 (50) | 0.29 |
| APACHE II score | 25 (18–31) | 25 (17–30) | 26 (20–33) | 0.08 |
| Positive cultures | 102 (67) | 64 (63) | 38 (76) | 0.14 |
| Confirmed bacteremia | 38 (25) | 26 (25) | 12 (24) | 1.00 |
| Adjudicated infectionb | 133 (88) | 89 (87) | 44 (88) | 1.00 |
| Vasopressors in patients with adjudicated infection | 68 (45) | 45 (44) | 23 (46) | 0.86 |
| ARDSc | 16 (11) | 9 (9) | 7 (14) | 0.4 |
| In-hospital mortality | 29 (19) | 12 (12) | 17 (34) | 0.002 |
| ICU-free daysd | 22 (14–25) | 23 (19–25) | 20 (0–24) | 0.03 |
| Ventilator-free dayse | 28 (20–28) | 28 (23–28) | 23 (18–28) | 0.002 |
| Any organ dysfunction-free daysf | 4 (0–11) | 9 (0–11) | 0 (0–5) | 0.001 |
| Renal dysfunction-free daysf | 13 (7–14) | 14 (9–14) | 12 (2–14) | 0.15 |
Data are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%) and compared with the Mann Whitney U test or the Fisher’s exact test, respectively
Abbreviations: COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, APACHE II Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ICU intensive care unit
aDefined as an increase in serum creatinine of 0.3 mg/dL or >50% from baseline
bOn the basis of clinical context, microbiological findings, and radiological studies
cDefined according to the Berlin definition
dFrom ICU admission to day 28
eFrom initiation of invasive mechanical ventilation to day 28
fFrom ICU admission to day 14