Table 2.
Comparison of clinical characteristics, including literature-derived risk factors for contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), for CIN(+) and CIN(−) patients.
| Characteristic | CIN (+) N = 25 |
CIN (−) N = 149 |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age yr, mean (±SD) | 58 (±14) | 49 (±16) |
| Female sex | 42 (23–63) | 34 (27–42) |
| White race | 46 (26–67) | 35 (27–43) |
| African American race | 46 (26–67) | 60 (52–68) |
| Other race | 8 (1–25) | 5 (2–9) |
| Clinical Characteristics | ||
| Prior VTE | 8 (1–25) | 10 (6–16) |
| Active malignancy | 23 (9–44) | 15 (9–21) |
| Estrogen use | 4 (0–22) | 1 (0–4) |
| Immobilization | 8 (1–25) | 1 (0–5) |
| History of COPD | 12 (2–30) | 4 (1–9) |
| Trauma or surgery within previous 4 weeks | 4 (0–20) | 6 (3–11) |
| Presumptive Risk Factors for CIN* | ||
| Age > 70 yr | 19 (7–39) | 9 (5–14) |
| Anemia | 15 (4–35) | 11 (6–17) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 27 (12–48) | 18 (12–25) |
| History of hypertension | 62 (41–80) | 53 (44–61) |
| Vascular disease† | 23 (4–35) | 13 (8–20) |
| Congestive heart failure | 23 (9–44) | 10 (6–16) |
| Baseline renal insufficiency‡ | 4 (0–20) | 11 (7–18) |
CIN = Contrast-induced nephropathy; VTE = venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism); COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
*
Literature derived factors that are commonly identified as risk factors for CIN. These are primarily derived from patient populations undergoing coronary angiography.11,16
†
Defined as a patient-reported history of cerebral, coronary, renal or peripheral vascular disease
‡
Defined as a baseline glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73m2 using the Modification in Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) method.17