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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Cardiol. 2017 Jan 25;119(8):1243–1249. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.12.024

Table 1. Characteristics of the sample and by level of physical frailty*.

Total (n = 49) Not Physically Frail (n = 25) Physically Frail (n = 24) p value

Age (years) 57.4±9.7 54.8±11.7 60.1±6.4 0.06
Male 33 (67%) 19 (76%) 14 (58%) 0.19
Non-Hispanic Caucasian 40 (82%) 22 (88%) 18 (75%) 0.29
Body mass index (kg/m2) 30.3±7.6 31.0±8.4 29.5±6.9 0.52
Charlson Comorbidity Index (weighted) 2.3±1.2 2.2±1.2 2.4±1.2 0.53
Atrial fibrillation 26 (53%) 15 (60%) 11 (46%) 0.32
Stage 3 chronic kidney disease 9 (18%) 3 (12%) 6 (25%) 0.29
Out-patient (versus in-patient) at enrollment 34 (69%) 20 (80%) 14 (58%) 0.13
Time with Heart failure (years) 8.4 [2.4-14.8] 8.4 [4.8-15.0] 8.0 [1.0-13.5] 0.21
New York Heart Association Functional Class <0.01
 Class II 4 (8%) 4 (16%) 0 (0%)
 Class III 34 (69%) 19 (76%) 15 (63%)
 Class IV 11 (23%) 2 (8%) 9 (38%)
Non-ischemic etiology 33 (67%) 19 (76%) 14 (58%) 0.19
Prescribed a β-blocker 35 (71%) 20 (80%) 15 (63%) 0.22
Prescribed an angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker 39 (80%) 21 (84%) 18 (75%) 0.50
Prescribed an aldosterone antagonist 25 (51%) 14 (56%) 11 (46%) 0.48
Prescribed digoxin 11 (23%) 8 (32%) 3 (13%) 0.17
Prescribed a vasodilator (nitrate or hydralazine) 10 (20%) 5 (20%) 5 (21%) 1.00
ICD or Biventricular ICD 39 (80%) 23 (92%) 16 (67%) <0.04
Serum sodium (mEq/L) 136.8±3.9 138.1±2.8 135.4±4.4 <0.02
Serum hemoglobin (g/dL) 13.3±1.7 13.4±1.7 13.2±1.6 0.67
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) 1.2±0.5 1.1±0.3 1.3±0.6 0.46
Serum B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) 478 [267-1103] 349 [111-807] 699 [347-1323] 0.08
Serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) 1234 [622-2686] 714 [519-1158] 1774 [985-2958] 0.17
Left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (cm) 6.6±1.0 6.7±1.0 6.4±1.0 0.34
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) 24.3±8.9 25.2±6.8 23.3±10.7 0.47
Peak VO2 (mL/kg/min) 15.4±3.6 16.2±3.7 13.6±2.8 <0.05
VO2 at aerobic threshold (mL/kg/min) 12.0±3.5 12.8±3.6 10.2±2.6 0.07
Respiratory quotient 1.1±0.2 1.1±0.2 1.2±0.1 0.55
VE/VCO2 slope coefficient 32.8±5.3 32.0±4.9 34.5±6.1 0.33
Seattle Heart Failure Model projected 1 year survival (%) 93.0 [81.0-96.0] 95.0 [92.0-97.0] 89.0 [70.0-95.0] <0.01
Mild cognitive dysfunction 16 (33%) 2 (8%) 14 (58%) <0.001
Right atrial pressure (mmHg) 8.3±4.2 8.0±4.0 8.5±4.5 0.68
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg) 41.3±15.1 38.2±14.0 44.6±15.7 0.14
Pulmonary artery diastolic pressure (mmHg) 19.1±7.8 16.8±7.2 21.4±7.9 <0.04
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mmHg) 18.8±8.1 17.2±7.1 20.4±9.0 0.18
Mixed venous oxygen saturation (%) 61.8±7.3 64.2±6.6 59.2±7.1 <0.02
Cardiac output (L/min by thermodilution) 4.7±1.5 5.3±1.6 4.2±1.1 <0.01
Cardiac index (L/min/m2 by thermodilution) 2.3±0.6 2.5±0.6 2.1±0.5 <0.03
Cardiac output (L/min by Fick equation) 4.0±1.1 4.3±1.1 3.7±1.0 0.05
Cardiac index (L/min/m2 by Fick equation) 2.0±0.5 2.1±0.4 1.9±0.5 0.18
Arterial systolic blood pressure (mmHg) 110.7±18.2 115.4± 15.8 105.8±19.6 0.08
Arterial diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) 69.7±8.6 69.1±7.4 70.4±9.9 0.64
Heart rate (beats per min) 79.0±16.2 73.4±12.7 84.8±17.6 <0.02
Pulmonary artery pulsatility index 2.7 [2.1-3.4] 2.8 [2.0-3.4] 2.7 [2.1-3.6] 0.99
Right ventricular stroke work index 0.57±0.28 0.59±0.27 0.55±0.28 0.59
*

Continuous data are presented as mean ± SD or median [interquartile range]; categorical data as number of patients (percentage of sample)

Not physically frail includes both non-frail (n = 1) and pre-frail (n = 24)

p values comparing physically frail versus not physically frail

Abbreviations: ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator; VE/VCO2, ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide slope coefficient; VO2, peak oxygen consumption.