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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017 Jan 11;173:191–199. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.038

Table 3.

Prevalence of depression in past year among current, former and never smokers stratified by age (NSDUH, 2005–2013, aged 12+)

Age 2005* 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Linear Trend
Prevalence of depression in past year stratified by age (%, s.e.) Unadjusted
OR
(95%CI)		 t-test
(p-value)		 Adjusted
ORb, c
(95%CI)		 t-test
(p-value)
Current smokersa
  12–17 (%) 15.98 14.32 16.07 15.93 15.59 16.23 15.73 16.51 22.42 1.03
(1.01,1.05) 		t=3.33
(0.0015) 		1.04
(1.02, 1.06) 		t=4.03
(0.0002)
  s.e. (1.03) (0.89) (0.86) (0.92) (0.94) (0.97) (0.82) (1.06) (1.39)
  18–25 (%) 11.04 10.11 9.70 9.80 10.44 10.71 10.11 11.10 10.73 1.01
(0.99, 1.02)		 t=0.81
(0.4200)		 1.01
(1.00, 1.03)		 t=1.42
(0.1617)
  s.e. (0.52) (0.43) (0.36) (0.43) (0.49) (0.38) (0.43) (0.49) (0.48)
  26 – 34 (%) 10.13 10.72 10.57 10.5 10.5 9.03 11.77 10.76 10.76 1.01
(0.98, 1.03)		 t=0.58
(0.5665)		 1.01
(0.98, 1.03)		 t=0.54
(0.5885)
  s.e. (0.91) (0.80) (0.87) (0.80) (0.85) (0.77) (1.09) (0.82) (0.91)
  35–49 (%) 10.1 10.37 11.65 11.33 11.56 12.43 12.15 11.77 11.32 1.02
(1.00, 1.04)		 t=1.85
(0.0690)		 1.02
(1.00, 1.04)		 t=1.87
(0.0665)
  s.e. (0.72) (0.62) (0.71) (0.74) (0.85) (0.87) (0.87) (0.88) (0.81)
  50 or older (%) 7.02 8.65 8.98 7.75 8.4 8.74 8.91 8.54 7.54 1.00
(0.97, 1.04)		 t=0.28
(0.7814)		 1.00
(0.97, 1.04)		 t=0.04
(0.9654)
  s.e. (0.96) (0.86) (1.13) (1.06) (0.91) (0.98) (1.03) (0.87) (0.87)
Differential time trend among current smokers: year as continuous×age groups F(2)=2.43(0.0963) F(4)=1.44(0.2314)
Former smokers
  12–17 (%) 13.26 11.76 14.10 13.48 13.57 15.22 12.40 13.60 15.55 1.02
(0.99, 1.05)		 t=1.24
(0.2195)		 1.03
(1.00, 1.06)		 t=1.70
(0.0948)
  s.e. (0.87) (0.98) (1.10) (1.40) (1.34) (1.24) (1.26) (1.49) (1.47)
  18–25 (%) 7.91 7.33 8.39 9.07 6.65 7.48 7.98 8.25 9.44 1.01
(0.99, 1.04)		 t=1.29
(0.2009)		 1.01
(0.99, 1.04)		 t=1.13
(0.2620)
  s.e. (0.60) (0.64) (0.61) (0.56) (0.55) (0.55) (0.58) (0.72) (0.76)
  26–34 (%) 7.36 6.96 7.41 6.38 7.42 6.45 6.44 6.32 8.32 1.00
(0.96, 1.04)		 t=−0.00
(1.0000)		 1.00
(0.96, 1.04)		 t=0.04
(0.9695)
  s.e. (0.85) (0.76) (0.91) (0.64) (0.78) (0.60) (0.86) (0.72) (1.00)
  35–49 (%) 6.51 5.56 6.52 6.16 6.59 6.26 7.69 6.05 7.00 1.02
(0.99, 1.04)		 t=1.38
(0.1719)		 1.02
(0.99, 1.0)		 t=1.45
(0.1512)
  s.e. (0.45) (0.62) (0.53) (0.54) (0.56) (0.57) (0.53) (0.52) (0.73)
  50 or older (%) 3.37 3.69 4.79 4.66 5.41 5.56 4.63 5.03 5.48 1.05
(1.02, 1.08) 		t=3.21
(0.0021) 		1.05
(1.02, 1.08) 		t=3.46
(0.0010)
  s.e. (0.38) (0.40) (0.47) (0.55) (0.57) (0.58) (0.43) (0.56) (0.47)
Differential time trend among former smokers: year as continuous × age groups F(2)=0.52(0.5956) F(4)=1.57(0.1952)
Never smokers
  12–17 (%) 6.39 6.04 6.00 6.47 6.14 6.04 6.79 7.93 8.86 1.05
(1.03, 1.06) 		t=6.27
(0.0000) 		1.05
(1.03,1.06) 		t=6.17
(0.0000)
  s.e. (0.31) (0.32) (0.26) (0.28) (0.32) (0.25) (0.27) (0.27) (0.36)
  18–25 (%) 6.06 5.35 5.94 6.67 5.79 6.3 6.35 7.2 7.01 1.03
(1.01, 1.04) 		t=3.74
(0.0004) 		1.03
(1.01, 1.04) 		t=3.60
(0.0007)
  s.e. (0.52) (0.32) (0.41) (0.48) (0.32) (0.42) (0.37) (0.48) (0.32)
  26–34 (%) 3.84 5.76 3.94 5.21 4.97 5.27 4.58 5.13 4.63 1.01
(0.97,1.05)		 t=0.46
(0.6493)		 1.01
(0.97, 1.05)		 t=0.49
(0.6241)
  s.e. (0.60) (0.72) (0.57) (0.92) (0.63) (0.61) (0.63) (0.68) (0.68)
  35–49 (%) 5.17 5.66 4.75 5.76 4.56 4.58 5.24 5.63 4.38 0.99
(0.96,1.02)		 t=−0.76
(0.4530)		 0.99
(0.96, 1.02)		 t=−0.72
(0.4760)
  s.e. (0.65) (0.73) (0.52) (0.65) (0.55) (0.56) (0.53) (0.60) (0.54)
  50 or older (%) 4.19 2.6 3.37 3.4 3.13 3.86 3.13 4.85 3.73 1.03
(0.99,1.07)		 t=1.34
(0.1865)		 1.03
(0.99,1.07)		 1.68
(0.0989)
  s.e. (0.77) (0.44) (0.54) (0.59) (0.55) (0.50) (0.44) (0.59) (0.62)
Differential time trend among never smokers: year as continuous × age groups F(2)=3.88(0.0259) F(4)=2.67(0.0407)
Differential time trend: year as continuous × smoking (current vs. never smokers; current vs. former
smokers) among each age category		 Unadjusted Adjusted
Differential time trend among 12–17 years old: year × smoking (current vs. never smokers) F(1)=1.14(0.2908) F(1)=0.33(0.5656)
Differential time trend among 18–25 years old: year × smoking (current vs. never smokers) F(1)=4.32(0.0420) F(1)=2.39(0.1271)
Differential time trend among 26–34 years old: year × smoking (current vs. never smokers) F(1)=0.02(0.8846) F(1)=0.04(0.8378)
Differential time trend among 35–49 years old: year × smoking (current vs. never smokers) F(1)=2.57(0.1144) F(1)=2.36(0.1298)
Differential time trend among 50+ or older: year × smoking (current vs. never smokers) F(1)=0.77(0.3829) F(1)=2.04(0.1586)
Differential time trend among 12–17 years old: year × smoking (current vs. former smokers) F(1)=0.58(0.4507) F(1)=0.37(0.5460)
Differential time trend among 18–25 years old: year × smoking (current vs. former smokers) F(1)=0.38(0.5389) F(1)=0.03(0.8645)
Differential time trend among 26–34 years old: year × smoking (current vs. former smokers) F(1)=0.08(0.7786) F(1)=0.07(0.7921)
Differential time trend among 35–49: year × smoking (current vs. former smokers) F(1)=0.04(0.8356) F(1)=0.02(0.8988)
Differential time trend among 50+ or older: year × smoking (current vs. former smokers) F(1)=3.56(0.0642) F(1)=5.13(0.0271)

Logistic regressions were applied to examine the time trend within each particular group. An odds ratio greater/less than one indicated a significant trend for the prevalence of depression among each smoking category stratified by age to increase/decrease during 2005–2013, and t tests showed the significance of time trends.

a

who smoked in the past 12 months

b

Odds ratios are for past year depression versus no past year depression.

c

Adjusted models: were adjusted for gender (male, female) and income (<$20,000, $20,000–$74,999, >=$75,000).

*

2005 as a reference year

s.e. - standard error

CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; NSDUH, National Survey on Drug Use and Health; s.e., standard error