Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the study participants.
| Baseline characteristics | N group (N = 14) |
S group (N = 32) |
SM group (N = 46) |
P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
| Baseball experience (year) | 7.9 | 2.3 | 8.1 | 2.0 | 8.3 | 1.8 | 0.76 |
| Body height (cm) | 174.8 | 4.1 | 172.4 | 6.0 | 172.7 | 4.8 | 0.34 |
| Body weight (kg) | 68.0 | 6.3 | 69.7 | 7.5 | 66.8 | 5.6 | 0.15 |
| ABIR in dominant side (deg) | 36.1 | 18.3 | 37.8 | 13.1 | 36.8 | 12.5 | 0.92 |
| HA in dominant side (deg) | 26.5 | 14.9 | 29.2 | 11.5 | 28.8 | 12.4 | 0.78 |
| Elbow flexion in dominant side (deg) | 144.1 | 6.8 | 144.1 | 4.5 | 143.6 | 4.6 | 0.88 |
| Elbow extension in dominant side (deg) | 2.9 | 6.5 | 2.1 | 6.2 | 2.8 | 7.2 | 0.90 |
| PER in dominant side (lb) | 24.2 | 5.3 | 24.6 | 6.7 | 23.7 | 5.1 | 0.77 |
| PER ratio | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.98 |
| PIR in dominant side (lb) | 25.5 | 8.4 | 26.2 | 9.3 | 26.0 | 7.0 | 0.96 |
| PIR ratio | 0.9 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.22 |
ABIR: ROM of 90° abducted shoulder internal rotation, HA: horizontal adduction.
PER: prone external rotation strength, PIR: prone internal rotation strength.
Strength ratio = strength of the dominant side/strength of the nondominant side.