Table 1. Clinical characteristics of patients in the training and validation cohorts.

Variables	Value	Training cohort (n = 139)			Validation cohort (n = 225)
		LDH ≥ 185	LDH < 185	p-value*	LDH ≥ 185	LDH < 185	p-value*
Age (years)	<60	15	39	0.226	33	45	0.636
	≥60	22	63		63	84
Sex	Male	19	64	0.805	49	97	0.937
	Female	18	38		29	50
Stage	III	8	40	0.054	12	32	0.251
	IV	29	62		66	115
CA 19-9 (IU/ml)	≥1000	20	48	0.335	40	69	0.138
	<1000	17	54		38	78
Location	Head	19	43	0.466	23	55	0.535
	Body/tail	18	59		58	89
PLR	≥154	15	40	0.888	25	49	0.846
	<154	22	62		53	98
NLR	≥3.42	19	27	0.006	38	56	0.124
	<3.42	18	75		40	91
LMR	≥3.19	16	51	0.481	35	81	0.144
	<3.19	21	51		43	66
KPS	≥90	8	44	0.028	51	86	0.314
	<90	29	58		51	61
Metastasis	Intrahepatic	26	48	0.163	58	97	0.01
	Extrahepatic	3	14		3	23
Location of intrahepatic metastasis	Left Lobe	0	0	0.323	1	5	0.249
	Right Lobe	1	5		5	12
	Left&Right Lobe	25	43		51	81
Albumin (g/L)	≥38.6	18	66	0.087	58	106	0.718
	<38.6	19	36		20	41

*Pearson χ²test.

LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; KPS, Karnofsky performance status.