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The honey bee gut microbiota up-regulates host expression of AMPs. Two experiments are shown: (a) bees inoculated with guts of hive bees (treatment) or guts of newly emerged bees lacking microbiota (control); (b) bees inoculated with cultured S. alvi strain wkB2 (treatment), or sterile sucrose solution (control). Relative expression values indicate fold-change compared to the mean value of control.
