Table I.

Comparative list of various models and associated information.

First author, year	Model	Main classification	Implement	Application	Refs.
Cheng, 2010; Kayal, 2010; Holstein, 2010; Holstein, 2009; O'Neill, 2012; Einhorn, 1995; Kellum, 2009; Wigner, 2012 Gerstenfield, 2003	Simple fracture models	Fibular fracture models, femoral fracture models	Blunt trauma, ophthalmic forceps	Identify the bone regeneration associated factors	(15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23)
Haddock, 2013; Zhao, 2013; Ben-David, 2013; Annibali, 2013; Yang, 2013; Zhang, 2013; Fricain, 2013; Gao, 2013; Tanaka, 2010; Katae, 2009; Behr, 2010; Tang, 2009; He, 2011; Jawad, 2013; Meszaros, 2012; Behr, 2012; Liu, 2013; Manassero, 2013; Krebsbach, 1998; Lee, 2001; Wang, 2012; Levi, 2012; Lo, 2012; Garcia, 208; Zwingenburger, 2013; Lin, 2012; Holstein, 2011; Kimelman-Bleich, 2009; Moutsatsos, 2001; Kimelmen-Bleich, 2011; Tai, 2008	Bone defect models	Drill-hole models, critical-size bone defect models	Drill, trephine	Analyze the growth factors, biomaterials and stem cells	(24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41 42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54)
Zhao, 2013; Tang, 2009; Bergeron, 2012; Kamiya, 2012; Chen, 2010; Wagner-Ecker, 2013; Frescaline, 2013; Sheyn, 2008; Medica, 2010; Shimaro, 2011; Eckmans, 2013; Zhao, 2015	Ectopic bone, formation models	Subcutaneous bone formation models, intramuscular bone formation models	BMPs molecules	Identify molecules and signaling pathways associated with growth factors	(25,35,55,56,57,58,59,61,62,63,64,78)