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. 2016 Dec 19;124(4):1330–1338. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001755

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the International Anesthesia Research Society.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.

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Figure 1. — Application of (5R,6R)6-(3-propylthio-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-1-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane (PTAC) systemically raised the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) in nerve-injured mice. A, Nerve injury decreased the PWT, which was not changed by the application of PTAC at 0.01 mg/kg at day 3 after nerve injury (2-way RM ANOVA, sham versus injury: F_1;44 = 17.46, P < .01; treatments: F_2;44 = 16.78, P < .01, interaction: F_2;44 = 14.98, P < .01, n = 7 for sham, n = 8 for injury group, **P < .01 under SNK test). B, PTAC at 0.05 mg/kg increased the PWTs of the nerve-injury groups injected at day 4 after nerve injury (2-way RM ANOVA, sham versus injury: F_1;44 = 9.32, P < .01; treatments: F_2;44 = 2.98, P = .07, interaction: F_2;44 = 3.79, P < .05, n = 7 for sham, n = 8 for injury group, **P < .01 under SNK test). C, PTAC at 0.05 mg/kg increased the PWTs of the nerve-injury groups injected at day 5 after nerve injury (2-way RM ANOVA, sham versus injury: F_{1; 44} = 0.98, P = .34; treatments: F_2;44 = 16.63, P < .01, interaction: F_{2; 44} = 11.76, P < .01, n = 7 for sham, n = 8 for injury group, * P < .05, **P < .01 under SNK test). D, PTAC at 0.01 mg/kg had no effect on the PWTs in the sham and nerve-injury groups injected at day 14 after nerve injury (2-way RM ANOVA, sham versus injury: F_1;29 = 32.95, P < .01; treatments: F_2;29 = 14.71, P < .01, interaction: F_2;44 = 17.49, P < .01, n = 5 for each group, **P < .01 under SNK test). E, PTAC at 0.05 mg/kg increased the PWTs of the nerve-injury groups injected at day 15 after nerve injury (2-way RM ANOVA, sham versus injury: F_1;29 = 69.17, P < .01; treatments: F_2;29 = 35.73, P < .01, interaction: F_2;29 = 11.94, P < .01, n = 5 for each group, **P < .01 under SNK test). F, PTAC at 0.10 mg/kg increased the PWTs in both the sham and nerve-injury group injected at day 16 after nerve injury (2-way RM ANOVA, sham versus injury: F_1;29 = 12.54, P < .01; treatments: F_2;29 = 33.56, P < .01, interaction: F_2;29 = 9.76, P < .01, n = 5 for each group, *P < .05, **P < .01 under SNK test). G, The application of atropine (i.p., 0.1 mg/kg) blocked the analgesic effects of PTAC (0.10 mg/kg) (2-way RM ANOVA, sham versus injury: F_1;56 = 260.17, P < .01; treatments: F_2;56 = 1.52, P = .23, interaction: F_2;56 = 1.93, P = .16; n = 10 for sham, n = 9 for injury group, **P < .01 under SNK test). ANOVA indicates analysis of variance; RM, repeated measures; SNK, Student-Newman-Keuls.