Table 1. Associations between sleep disturbance and personal characteristics.
| Risk factor | Severe difficulty in falling asleep | Severe difficulty in staying asleep | Severe problem in waking early | Feeling unrefreshed | Insomnia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Female | 2.2 | 1.8-2.7 | 1.7 | 1.5-2.0 | 1.4 | 1.2-1.6 | 1.8 | 1.5-2.0 | 1.6 | 1.4-1.8 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 50-54 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 55-59 | 1.1 | 0.9-1.5 | 1.1 | 0.9-1.3 | 0.9 | 0.8-1.1 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.0 | 0.9 | 0.8-1.1 |
| 60-64 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 0.8 | 0.7-1.0 | 0.7 | 0.5-0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5-0.7 | 0.7 | 0.6-0.8 |
| Area of practice | ||||||||||
| North East & North West | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| West Midlands | 0.9 | 0.6-1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.1 | 1.0 | 0.8-1.3 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8-1.2 |
| East | 0.9 | 0.7-1.2 | 0.9 | 0.7-1.1 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7-1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7-1.0 |
| South Central & West | 1.0 | 0.8-1.3 | 1.0 | 0.8-1.2 | 1.0 | 0.8-1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9-1.2 | 1.0 | 0.9-1.2 |
| London & South East | 0.6 | 0.4-1.0 | 0.7 | 0.5-1.0 | 0.8 | 0.6-1.1 | 0.7 | 0.5-0.9 | 0.7 | 0.6-0.9 |
| Educational level | ||||||||||
| University degree or higher professional | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Vocational training certificate | 1.7 | 1.3-2.3 | 1.7 | 1.4-2.0 | 1.6 | 1.3-2.0 | 1.7 | 1.4-2.0 | 1.6 | 1.4-1.9 |
| School only | 2.3 | 1.8-2.9 | 1.9 | 1.6-2.3 | 2.1 | 1.8-2.5 | 2.1 | 1.8-2.5 | 1.9 | 1.6-2.2 |
| Social class | ||||||||||
| Higher managerial | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Intermediate occupations | 1.4 | 1.1-1.9 | 1.3 | 1.1-1.5 | 1.3 | 1.1-1.6 | 1.2 | 1.0-1.5 | 1.4 | 1.2-1.6 |
| Routine and manual occupations | 2.1 | 1.7-2.7 | 1.6 | 1.4-1.9 | 1.9 | 1.6-2.2 | 1.9 | 1.6-2.2 | 1.7 | 1.5-2.0 |
| Living alone | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 1.8 | 1.4-2.2 | 1.4 | 1.2-1.7 | 1.5 | 1.3-1.8 | 1.6 | 1.3-1.8 | 1.5 | 1.3-1.7 |
| Being a personal carer | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 1.0 | 0.8-1.3 | 1.1 | 0.9-1.3 | 1.3 | 1.1-1.5 | 1.1 | 1.0-1.3 | 1.2 | 1.0-1.3 |
| Voluntary work | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| No | 1.5 | 1.1-1.9 | 1.6 | 1.3-1.9 | 1.7 | 1.4-2.2 | 1.5 | 1.2-1.8 | 1.4 | 1.2-1.6 |
| Leisure activity | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| No | 2.2 | 1.8-2.6 | 1.7 | 1.5-2.0 | 1.7 | 1.5-2.0 | 1.9 | 1.7-2.2 | 1.7 | 1.5-1.9 |
| Socialising with friends | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| No | 2.2 | 1.8-2.8 | 1.8 | 1.5-2.2 | 1.6 | 1.4-2.0 | 2.0 | 1.7-2.4 | 1.8 | 1.6-2.1 |
| Home ownership | ||||||||||
| Owned/owned with mortgage | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Other | 3.3 | 2.7-4.1 | 2.6 | 2.2-3.0 | 2.4 | 2.1-2.9 | 2.7 | 2.3-3.2 | 2.4 | 2.1-2.8 |
| Managing financially these days | ||||||||||
| Doing alright | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Difficult | 5.7 | 4.6-7.2 | 3.9 | 3.2-4.6 | 3.6 | 3.0-4.3 | 5.0 | 4.2-6.0 | 4.7 | 4.1-5.6 |
| Things you can no longer afford | ||||||||||
| No/a few things | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Many things | 4.2 | 3.4-5.3 | 3.3 | 2.7-4.0 | 3.2 | 2.6-3.8 | 4.4 | 3.7-5.2 | 4.0 | 3.4-4.7 |
| Pension | ||||||||||
| Private pension as well as state | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Only state pension | 2.8 | 2.3-3.5 | 2.0 | 1.7-2.3 | 1.9 | 1.7-2.3 | 2.1 | 1.8-2.5 | 2.0 | 1.7-2.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||
| < 18.5 (Underweight) | 3.3 | 1.7-6.2 | 1.7 | 0.9-3.2 | 2.0 | 1.1-3.6 | 2.5 | 1.5-4.2 | 2.1 | 1.3-3.4 |
| 18.5 - 25 (Normal) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| 25 - 30 (Overweight) | 1.1 | 0.9-1.5 | 1.2 | 1.0-1.4 | 1.2 | 1.0-1.4 | 1.2 | 1.0-1.4 | 1.1 | 0.9-1.3 |
| > 30 (Obese) | 1.8 | 1.4-2.3 | 1.9 | 1.5-2.2 | 1.7 | 1.4-2.0 | 1.9 | 1.6-2.2 | 1.7 | 1.4-1.9 |
| Smoking | ||||||||||
| Never/ex-smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Current smoker | 2.3 | 1.8-2.9 | 1.4 | 1.2-1.7 | 1.4 | 1.2-1.8 | 2.1 | 1.7-2.5 | 1.7 | 1.4-1.9 |
Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age and sex; CI – confidence intervals