Table 4. Associations between sleep disturbance and impaired health.
| Risk factor | Severe difficulty falling asleep | Severe difficulty staying asleep | Severe problem waking early | Feeling unrefreshed | Insomnia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||
| At least good | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Fair/poor | 6.5 | 5.2-8.0 | 4.7 | 4.1-5.5 | 3.9 | 3.4-4.6 | 6.4 | 5.5-7.4 | 5.1 | 4.5-5.8 |
| Low mood | ||||||||||
| No (CES-D <16) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes (CES-D ≥16) | 7.4 | 5.9-9.2 | 5.5 | 4.7-6.3 | 5.6 | 4.8-6.5 | 9.4 | 8.0-10.9 | 6.9 | 6.1-7.8 |
| Well-being | ||||||||||
| Good (WEMWBS ≥32) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Poor (WEMWBS <32) | 7.6 | 5.9-9.8 | 5.6 | 4.5-6.9 | 5.2 | 4.1-6.4 | 8.5 | 6.9-10.5 | 6.7 | 5.4-8.2 |
| Frailty | ||||||||||
| Not frail | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Pre-frail | 2.8 | 2.3-3.5 | 2.2 | 1.9-2.5 | 2.5 | 2.2-3.0 | 3.1 | 2.6-3.6 | 2.5 | 2.2-2.8 |
| Frail | 13.3 | 9.6-18.4 | 9.2 | 7.0-12.2 | 7.1 | 5.3-9.4 | 17.1 | 12.9-22.6 | 13.2 | 10.0-17.5 |
| Memory problems | ||||||||||
| Other | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Serious problems/got a lot worse | 6.5 | 4.8-8.7 | 5.5 | 4.3-7.0 | 4.3 | 3.3-5.6 | 7.4 | 5.8-9.4 | 6.8 | 5.3-8.7 |
| Somatising tendency | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 4.4 | 3.6-5.4 | 4.4 | 3.8-5.2 | 3.7 | 3.2-4.3 | 4.7 | 4.1-5.5 | 4.2 | 3.7-4.8 |
| Persistent musculoskeletal pain in past 12 months | ||||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Yes | 4.1 | 3.4-5.1 | 3.5 | 3.0-4.1 | 3.2 | 2.7-3.7 | 3.7 | 3.2-4.3 | 3.4 | 3.0-3.8 |
Odds ratios were adjusted for age, sex and social class (in 3 bands); CI – confidence intervals; WEMWBS – Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale; CES-D - Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. For definitions, see text.