Table 1.

Evaluation of promising synovial fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection⁴³

Biomarker	AUC	Cut-off	Specificity (%)	95% CI (%)	Sensitivity (%)	95% CI (%)
α-Defensin	1.000	4.8 µg/mL	100	95–100	100	88–100
ELA-2	1.000	2.0 µg/mL	100	95–100	100	88–100
BPI	1.000	2.2 µg/mL	100	95–100	100	88–100
NGAL	1.000	2.2 µg/mL	100	95–100	100	88–100
Lactoferrin	1.000	7.5 µg/mL	100	95–100	100	88–100
IL-8	0.992	6.5 ng/mL	95	87–99	100	87–100
SF CRP	0.987	12.2 mg/L	97	90–100	90	73–98
Resistin	0.983	340 ng/mL	100	95–100	97	82–99
Thrombospondin	0.974	1061 ng/mL	97	90–100	90	73–98
IL-1β	0.966	3.1 pg/mL	95	87–99	96	82–100
IL-6	0.950	2.3 ng/mL	97	89–100	89	71–98
IL-10	0.930	32.0 pg/mL	89	79–96	89	72–98
IL-1α	0.922	4.0 pg/mL	91	81–97	82	63–94
IL-17	0.892	3.1 pg/mL	99	92–100	82	63–94
G-CSF	0.859	15.4 pg/mL	92.	82–97	82	62–94
VEGF	0.850	2.3 ng/mL	77	65–87	75	55–89

AUC = area under the curve; α-defensin = human α-defensin 1-3; ELA-2 = neutrophil elastase 2; BPI = bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein; NGAL = neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; SF = synovial fluid; CRP = C-reactive protein; G-CSF = granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.