Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the 5,130 participants of the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study.
| Plasma potassium, mmol/L | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2.3–3.4 | 3.5–3.9 | 4.0–4.4 | 4.5–4.9 | 5.0–6.3 | ||
| Subjects, % | 24 (0.5) | 404 (7.9) | 2,873 (56.0) | 1,636 (31.9) | 193 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| Women, % | 20 (83.3) | 279 (69.1) | 1588 (55.3) | 790 (48.3) | 90 (46.6) | <0.001 |
| Age, y | 53.4 ± 12.5 | 48.6 ± 12.5 | 48.1 ± 11.7 | 48.4 ± 11.7 | 48.6 ± 11.9 | 0.20 |
| Height, cm | 166 ± 9 | 171 ± 9 | 173 ± 9 | 174 ± 10 | 174 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 73 ± 15 | 75 ± 14 | 77 ± 13 | 77 ± 13 | 77 ± 14 | 0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.4 ± 4.5 | 25.7 ± 4.3 | 25.7 ± 3.9 | 25.6 ± 3.9 | 25.4 ± 3.8 | 0.53 |
| Current smoker, % | 6 (25.0) | 74 (18.3) | 826 (28.8) | 627 (38.3) | 68 (35.2) | <0.001 |
| No alcohol consumption, % | 12 (50.0) | 114 (28.2) | 681 (23.7) | 361 (22.1) | 34 (17.6) | <0.001 |
| White, % | 20 (83.3) | 371 (92.5) | 2,736 (95.9) | 1,575 (97.0) | 189 (97.9) | <0.001 |
| Education, high, % | 2 (8.3) | 126 (31.2) | 965 (33.6) | 520 (31.8) | 64 (33.2) | 0.07 |
| Diabetes Mellitus, % | 4 (16.7) | 10 (2.5) | 35 (1.2) | 34 (2.1) | 3 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Family history of CKD, % | 0 (0) | 3 (0.7) | 41 (1.4) | 22 (1.3) | 5 (2.6) | 0.45 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 134 ± 19 | 127 ± 20 | 125 ± 18 | 125 ± 18 | 125 ± 18 | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 77 ± 10 | 73 ± 10 | 72 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 72 ± 8 | 0.15 |
| Cardiovascular disease, % | 1 (4.2) | 11 (2.7) | 85 (3.0) | 64 (3.9) | 9 (4.7) | 0.34 |
| Medication: | ||||||
| ACEi*, % | 1 (5.0) | 18 (5.0) | 78 (3.2) | 37 (2.7) | 4 (2.6) | 0.23 |
| ARB*, % | 0 (0) | 2 (0.6) | 9 (0.4) | 8 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | 0.89 |
| Beta blockers*, % | 5 (25.0) | 29 (8.1) | 135 (5.5) | 81 (5.8) | 11 (7.1) | 0.002 |
| Thiazide diuretics*, % | 6 (30.0) | 35 (9.7) | 43 (1.8) | 8 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics*, % | 1 (5.0) | 6 (1.7) | 8 (0.3) | 7 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 0.001 |
| Potassium-sparing diuretics*, % | 0 (0) | 17 (4.7) | 17 (0.7) | 4 (0.3) | 4 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Proton pump inhibitors*, % | 0 (0) | 12 (3.0) | 63 (2.3) | 51 (3.2) | 7 (3.7) | 0.28 |
| Lipid lowering drugs, % | 1 (4.2) | 28 (6.9) | 136 (4.7) | 101 (6.2) | 11 (5.7) | 0.17 |
| Glucose lowering drugs, % | 0 (0) | 5 (1.2) | 20 (0.7) | 26 (1.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0.06 |
| Plasma potassium, mmol/L | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 4.2 ± 0.1 | 4.6 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Plasma magnesium, mmol/L | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.80 ± 0.06 | 0.81 ± 0.06 | 0.82 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.30 |
| Plasma albumin, g/L | 44.8 ± 2.9 | 45.3 ± 2.9 | 45.9 ± 2.6 | 45.9 ± 2.6 | 46.6 ± 2.5 | <0.001 |
| Plasma sodium, mmol/L | 141 ± 4 | 141 ± 3 | 142 ± 2 | 142 ± 2 | 142 ± 3 | 0.18 |
| Plasma chloride, mmol/L | 101 ± 5 | 105 ± 8 | 106 ± 2 | 106 ± 2 | 106 ± 2 | <0.001 |
| Plasma aldosterone†, ng/dL | 13.1 ± 8.0 | 14.2 ± 7.8 | 13.3 ± 6.9 | 12.9 ± 6.6 | 12.4 ± 5.1 | 0.12 |
| Plasma PTH‡, pmol/L | 5.6 ± 2.1 | 4.0 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 3.8 ± 1.7 | <0.001 |
| Plasma 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D§, pg/mL | 57.4 ± 23.8 | 58.1 ± 20.0 | 55.8 ± 18.2 | 55.3 ± 17.7 | 55.2 ± 17.8 | 0.10 |
| Plasma phosphorus, mg/dL | 3.15 ± 0.55 | 3.10 ± 0.50 | 3.11 ± 0.48 | 3.16 ± 0.49 | 3.22 ± 0.51 | 0.001 |
| Plasma glucose, mmol/L | 5.4 ± 2.9 | 4.8 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 4.7 ± 0.7 | 0.89 |
| hs-CRP¶, mg/L | 3.3 ± 3.4 | 2.8 ± 5.5 | 2.2 ± 4.0 | 2.2 ± 3.2 | 2.0 ± 2.7 | 0.01 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 13.8 ± 4.9 | 13.8 ± 3.6 | 14.4 ± 3.3 | 14.8 ± 3.5 | 14.9 ± 3.4 | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dL | 0.7 (0.6–0.80) | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | <0.001 |
| BUN/creatinine ratio | 17.8 (13.6–22.0) | 17.9 (15.1–21.6) | 18.0 (15.3–21.3) | 17.7 (15.1–21.3) | 17.6 (14.8–21.4) | 0.82 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 91 ± 21 | 99 ± 15 | 98 ± 15 | 96 ± 15 | 95 ± 15 | 0.06 |
| Urinary excretion of: | ||||||
| Potassium, mmol/24h | 60.3 (41.3–70.3) | 62.9 (48.8–80.6) | 70.3 (56.9–83.9) | 70.6 (58.2–85.3) | 72.6 (60.2–88.8) | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/24h | 98 (80–148) | 125 (98–148) | 135 (104–169) | 136 (107–167) | 131 (106–169) | <0.001 |
| Magnesium, mmol/24h | 2.54 (1.31–3.80) | 3.58 (2.64–4.43) | 3.76 (2.89–4.72) | 3.88 (2.99–4.85) | 3.78 (3.04–5.06) | <0.001 |
| Urea, mmol/24h | 288 (183–388) | 324 (259–389) | 343 (284–413) | 348 (284–419) | 337 (277–423) | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mmol/24 | 9.2 (7.3–11.7) | 10.8 (9.2–13.1) | 11.7 (9.5–14.3) | 11.9 (9.8–14.7) | 11.4 (9.5–14.4) | <0.001 |
| Albumin, mg/24h | 8.3 (7.3–21.3) | 8.2 (6.1–11.4) | 7.8 (5.8–11.0) | 7.6 (5.7–11.1) | 8.0 (5.8–11.6) | 0.02 |
Continuous variables are reported as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) and categorical variables are reported as n (%).
* Data available in 4,378 subjects.
† Data available in 5,008 subjects.
§ Data available in 4,971 subjects.
‡ Data available in 4,967 subjects.
¶ Data available in 4,959 subjects.
Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; PTH, parathyroid hormone.