Table 1.

Validated functions and mechanisms of lncRNAs expressed in host cells during bacterial infection or stimulation with bacterial compounds.

lncRNA	Host organism	Pathogen/microbial component	Function	Mechanism	References
LincRNA-Tnfaip3	Mouse macrophages	LPS	Activation and repression of distinct classes of inflammatory genes	Assembles a NFkB /Hmgb1/lincRNA-Tnfaip3 complex which modulates Hmgb1-associated histone modifications	Ma et al., 2016
lncRNA- CD244	CD8+ T cells	M. tuberculosis	Inhibition of TNF-α and INF-γ expression	Interaction with PCR2	Wang et al., 2015
Unnamed lncRNAs	THP-1 cells	LPS	Regulates TNF-α expression	Interaction with PCR2 subunit EZH2, SUZ12 and LRRFIP1	Shi et al., 2014
lncRNA-IL7R	THP-1	LPS, TLR2-ligand	Reduces the expression of LPS induced inflammatory mediators such as E-selectin and VCAM-1	Increases trimethylation of H3K27	Cui et al., 2014
NeST	Mice	Salmonella (and Theiler's virus)	INF-γ upregulation	Interaction with WDR5	Gomez et al., 2013
lincRNA- Cox2	Mouse macrophages	LPS, TLR2-ligand, L. monocytogenes	Regulates the expression of immune related genes	Interaction with hnRNP	Carpenter et al., 2013
	Mouse bone marrow derived dendritic cells	LPS			Guttman et al., 2009
THRIL	THP-1	TLR2-ligand	Regulates TNF-α expression	Interaction with hnRNP	Li et al., 2014
lincRNA- EPS	Macrophages and dendritic cells	L. monocytogenes, TLR2-, TLR3-, TLR4-ligands	Controls immune related genes	Interaction with hnRNP	Atianand et al., 2016
lncRNA AS-IL1α	Mouse macrophages	L. monocytogenes, TLR ligands	Enhances IL1α expression	recruits RNA polymerase II to the IL1-α promotor	Chan et al., 2015
MEG3	THP-1 cells	M. bovis BCG	autophagy	Unknown	Pawar et al., 2016a