Table 1.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitive signaling proteins in disc cells.

ROS sensitive signaling molecules	Experimental models	Cellular processes regulated by the molecules	Reference
ERK, JNK, and p38	Rat AF cells (in vitro)	Matrix metabolism Proinflammatory phenotype	[14]
ERK, JNK, p38, Akt, p65 Nrf2, ATM, Chk2, and p53	Human NP cells (in vitro)	Cell cycle progression Matrix metabolism Proinflammatory phenotype Antioxidative system	[15]
p65	Human NP cells (in vitro)	Proinflammatory phenotype	[20]
JNK and p38	Bovine NP cells (in vitro)	Matrix catabolic phenotype	[21]
ERK	Rat NP cells (in vitro)	Autophagy	[22]

AF: annulus fibrosus; NP: nucleus pulposus.