Table 2.
Therapeutic effects of antioxidants on degenerative disc cells and intervertebral disc degeneration.
| Antioxidant | Model (administration route) | Therapeutic effects | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAC | Rat AF cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing catabolic and proinflammatory phenotype induced by H2O2 | [14] |
| Rat discs (oral administration) | Delaying IDD process induced by disc puncture | [14] | |
| Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Retarding premature senescence induced by H2O2 | [15] | |
| Rabbit AF cells (in vitro supplementation) | Restraining apoptosis induced by local anesthetics | [23] | |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing excessive autophagy induced by serum deprivation | [24] | |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing excessive autophagy induced by compression | [25] | |
|
| |||
| Resveratrol | Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing apoptosis | [26, 27] |
| Bovine NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Inhibiting matrix catabolic phenotype and promoting matrix anabolism | [28] | |
| Mouse discs (oral administration) | Delaying IDD process induced by disc puncture | [29] | |
| Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Inhibiting matrix catabolic phenotype and promoting matrix anabolism | [30] | |
| Rat NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Inhibiting apoptosis induced by IL-1β | [31] | |
| Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing matrix catabolic phenotype induced by TNF-α | [32] | |
| Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing proinflammatory phenotype induced by IL-1β | [33] | |
|
| |||
| EGCG | Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Retarding premature senescence induced by H2O2 | [34] |
| Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing the proinflammatory and catabolic phenotype induced IL-1β | [35] | |
|
| |||
| Fullerol | Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Retarding matrix catabolism induced by H2O2 | [36] |
| Rabbit discs (intradiscal injection) | Delaying IDD process induced by disc puncture | ||
|
| |||
| Cordycepin | Rat NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing matrix catabolic phenotype induced by LPS | [37] |
| Rat organ cultured discs (ex vivo supplementation) | Delaying IDD process induced by LPS | ||
|
| |||
| BMP7 | Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing apoptosis and matrix catabolic phenotype induced by H2O2 | [38] |
| IGF1 | Human AF cells (in vitro supplementation) | Retarding premature senescence induced by H2O2 | [39] |
| HGF | Rabbit NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing apoptosis and matrix catabolic and proinflammatory phenotype induced by H2O2 | [40] |
| PQQ | Rat NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing apoptosis and matrix catabolic phenotype induced by H2O2 | [41] |
| Ferulic acid | Rabbit NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Restraining apoptosis and matrix catabolic phenotype by H2O2 | [42, 43] |
| GSH | Human NP cells (in vitro supplementation) | Suppressing apoptosis and matrix catabolic phenotype induced by H2O2 | [44] |
NP: nucleus pulposus; AF: annulus fibrosus; GSH: glutathione; NAC: N-acetylcysteine; IDD: intervertebral disc degeneration; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; EGCG: epigallocatechin 3-gallate; PQQ: pyrroloquinoline quinone; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; BMP: bone morphogenetic protein; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor.