Table 1.

Early adverse rearing experience (EARE) methods

Paradigms		Description			References
Social Isolation	Total	Infants are reared in a cage alone at birth, no any auditory, visual, olfactory and tactile contact with conspecifics is allowed			Baysinger et al., 1972; Harlow et al., 1965; Harlow & Harlow, 1962; Harlow et al., 1964
	Partial	Infants are separately caged at birth, reared with auditory, visual, and olfactory, but not tactile contact with conspecifics			Cross & Harlow, 1965; Mason & Sponholz, 1963; Struble & Riesen, 1978; Suomi et al., 1971
Maternal separation	Permanent	Peer-rearing	Continuous	Infants are reared by pairs throughout development	Chamove et al., 1973; Erwin et al., 1973; Sackett, 1967; Worlein & Sackett, 1997
			Intermittent	Peers are allowed to contact with each other for a limited period of time and then infants are housed singly during the rest of the time	Rommeck et al., 2009b
			Rotational	Infants are continuously housed with different peers	Novak & Sackett, 1997; Rommeck et al., 2009b
		Surrogate mothers rearing (SMR)	Inanimate objects are placed into the cage as an artificial surrogate mother		Capitanio & Mason, 2000; Dettmer et al., 2008; Schneider & Suomi, 1992; Suomi, 1973
		Surrogate-peer rearing (SPR)	Combination of SMR and PR		Bastian et al., 2003; Lutz et al., 2007; Meyer et al., 1975
	Temporary	One time	Infants are taken away from their mothers at later stages of life for a period of time, followed by mother-infant reunion		Hinde & Mcginnis, 1977; Hinde et al., 1966; Kaufman & Rosenblum, 1967; Seay et al., 1962; Spencer-Booth & Hinde, 1971
		Repetitive	Repeatedly separating infants from their natal group for relatively short periods of time, followed by repeated reunions		Clarke et al., 1998; Dettling et al., 2002a, b ; Levine & Mody, 2003; Sánchez et al., 2005 ; Suomi et al., 1983
Maternal neglect			Infant-mother was confronted with various foraging conditions to induce different levels of stress in the mother		Andrews & Rosenblum, 1991; Coplan et al., 1996; Rosenblum & Andrews, 1994; Rosenblum & Paully, 1984