TABLE 1.
Characteristics of women who participated in a randomized trial of IFA (pregnancy only), MMN (pregnancy and lactation), and LNS (pregnancy, lactation, and infancy) supplementation in a semi-urban setting in Ghana, by intervention group based on intended supplement at enrollment1
| Group |
|||
| Characteristics | IFA (n = 441) | MMN (n = 439) | LNS (n = 440) |
| Age, y | 26.4 ± 5.6 (441) | 26.9 ± 5.4 (439) | 26.9 ± 5.6 (440) |
| Years of formal education | 7.8 ± 3.5 (441) | 7.6 ± 3.6 (439) | 7.6 ± 3.9 (440) |
| Gestational age at enrollment, wk | 16.0 ± 3.3 (440) | 16.2 ± 3.2 (436) | 16.1 ± 3.3 (435) |
| Asset index2 | 0.04 ± 1.03 (433) | 0.06 ± 0.97 (431) | −0.09 ± 1.00 (432) |
| Housing index2 | 0.01 ± 1.00 (433) | 0.01 ± 1.01 (431) | −0.01 ± 1.00 (432) |
| HFIAS score3 | 2.6 ± 4.4 (434) | 2.7 ± 4.3 (431) | 2.6 ± 4.0 (432) |
| Married or cohabiting, n/total n (%) | 408/441 (92.5) | 411/439 (93.6) | 405/440 (92.0) |
| Primiparous women, n/total n (%) | 156/441 (35.4) | 143/439 (32.6) | 147/440 (33.4) |
| Positive malarial RDT, n/total n (%) | 37/440 (8.4) | 42/439 (9.6) | 54/440 (12.3) |
| Hemoglobin <100 g/L, n/total n (%) | 57/440 (13.0) | 68/439 (15.5) | 60/440 (13.6) |
| Weight,4 kg | 61.5 ± 11.6 (432) | 61.5 ± 12.0 (429) | 62.7 ± 12.3 (430) |
| BMI,5 kg/m2 | 24.4 ± 4.4 (432) | 24.4 ± 4.3 (429) | 24.8 ± 4.5 (430) |
| Underweight (<18.5), n/total n (%) | 21/432 (4.9) | 12/429 (2.8) | 7/430 (1.6) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9), n/total n (%) | 113/432 (26.2) | 112/429 (26.1) | 129/430 (30.0) |
| Obese (≥30.0) n/total n (%) | 48/432 (11.1) | 46/429 (10.7) | 49/430 (11.4) |
| MUAC,4 cm | 28.4 ± 4.3 (432) | 28.5 ± 4.2 (430) | 28.9 ± 4.6 (430) |
| Triceps skinfold thickness,5 mm | 19.8 ± 7.8 (432) | 20.1 ± 7.9 (429) | 20.7 ± 7.9 (430) |
| Days from last prenatal measurement to delivery | 21.1 ± 9.9 (336) | 21.7 ± 11.1 (357) | 22.5 ± 10.4 (336) |
Values are means ± SDs (n) unless otherwise indicated; n = 1320. Unless otherwise indicated, these characteristics were measured at the time of enrollment. n/Total n indicates the number of participants whose response was “yes” for the variable in question/total number of participants analyzed for the variable in question. HFIAS, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale; IFA, iron and folic acid; LNS, small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement; MMN, multiple micronutrient; MUAC, midupper arm circumference; RDT, Rapid Diagnostic Test (Clearview Malarial Combo; Vision Biotech; which detected Plasmodium falciparum and non–P. falciparum histidine-rich protein 2).
Proxy indexes for household socioeconomic status; higher values represent higher socioeconomic status.
HFIAS is a proxy indicator for household food insecurity (28); higher values represent higher food insecurity.
Prepregnancy values estimated from those measured at enrollment by using third-order polynomial regression, with gestational age at enrollment as the predictor variable.
Based on prepregnancy weight estimated from weight at enrollment by using polynomial regression, with gestational age at enrollment as the predictor variable.