TABLE 1.
Blood cadmium and serum folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin A, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol concentrations in adults (NHANES 1999–2000 and 2001–2002)1
| n | Blood cadmium, μg/L | Serum folate, ng/dL | Serum vitamin B-12, ng/dL | Serum vitamin A, μg/dL | Serum α-tocopherol, mg/dL | Serum γ-tocopherol, μg/mL | |
| Age, y | |||||||
| 20–39 | 2719 | 0.40 (0.36, 0.43) | 11.3 (11.0, 11.9) | 4.46 (4.39, 4.53) | 56.9 (55.7, 58.1) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 2.06 (1.98, 2.15) |
| 40–59 | 2269 | 0.47 (0.44, 0.49) | 12.8 (12.3, 13.2) | 4.61 (4.53, 4.69) | 63.0 (61.8, 64.2) | 1.30 (1.27, 1.33) | 2.06 (1.94, 2.18) |
| 60–84 | 2470 | 0.51 (0.48, 0.53) | 16.8 (16.3, 17.3) | 4.78 (4.66, 4.89) | 67.3 (66.0, 68.6) | 1.53 (1.50, 1.56) | 1.74 (1.65, 1.84) |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 3865 | 0.40 (0.38, 0.42) | 14.1 (13.7, 14.5) | 4.88 (4.82, 4.95) | 54.3 (58.2, 55.3) | 1.12 (1.10, 1.14) | 1.97 (1.89, 2.05) |
| Male | 3593 | 0.38 (0.36, 0.40) | 12.8 (12.4, 13.7) | 4.88 (4.80, 4.97) | 60.0 (58.6, 61.4) | 1.07 (1.04, 1.16) | 1.99 (1.91, 2.08) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 3767 | 0.40 (0.37, 0.42) | 14.1 (13.6, 14.6) | 4.71 (4.65, 4.79) | 59.8 (58.3, 61.3) | 1.15 (1.13, 1.18) | 1.94 (1.84, 2.05) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1264 | 0.37 (0.36, 0.39) | 11.3 (10.9, 11.8) | 5.68 (5.58, 5.79) | 49.6 (48.7, 50.5) | 0.92 (0.90, 0.94) | 2.23 (2.15, 2.32) |
| Mexican American | 1816 | 0.35 (0.33, 0.37) | 12.4 (11.9, 12.9) | 5.33 (5.13, 5.53) | 49.7 (48.3, 51.0) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.05) | 2.06 (1.99, 2.14) |
| Other Hispanic | 384 | 0.36 (0.33, 0.39) | 12.6 (12.1, 13.2) | 4.77 (4.65, 4.79) | 53.2 (51.1, 55.4) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) | 1.87 (1.70, 2.06) |
| Other | 227 | 0.46 (0.43, 0.49) | 13.2 (12.4, 14.0) | 4.98 (4.65, 5.34) | 52.6 (49.7, 55.6) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 2.04 (1.86, 2.23) |
| Education level | |||||||
| Less than high school | 2497 | 0.55 (0.52, 0.58) | 12.0 (11.5, 12.5) | 4.64 (4.53, 4.75) | 58.1 (57.6, 59.1) | 1.14 (1.12, 1.16) | 2.20 (2.09, 2.31) |
| High school graduate | 1732 | 0.49 (0.47, 0.51) | 12.3 (11.8, 12.7) | 4.50 (4.41, 4.60) | 61.9 (60.2, 63.7) | 1.20 (1.16, 1.24) | 2.20 (2.11, 2.29) |
| Some college | 1838 | 0.42 (0.41, 0.45) | 12.9 (12.3, 13.4) | 4.54 (4.46, 4.61) | 60.9 (59.7, 62.1) | 1.20 (1.17, 1.22) | 2.01 (1.92, 2.11) |
| College degree | 1391 | 0.35 (0.33, 0.38) | 15.0 (14.4, 15.6) | 4.68 (4.56, 4.79) | 64.7 (63.2, 66.2) | 1.32 (1.28, 1.35) | 1.60 (1.50, 1.70) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | |||||||
| <25 | 2364 | 0.36 (0.34, 0.38) | 14.5 (14.1, 14.9) | 5.36 (5.28, 5.45) | 52.6 (51.5, 53.7) | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 1.74 (1.67, 1.81) |
| 25 to <30 | 2714 | 0.42 (0.40, 0.45) | 13.1 (12.7, 13.4) | 4.62 (4.54, 4.70) | 63.0 (61.8, 64.0) | 1.22 (1.19, 1.07) | 2.03 (1.97, 2.10) |
| ≥30 | 2380 | 0.42 (0.39, 0.44) | 12.2 (11.7, 12.6) | 4.37 (4.29, 4.46) | 58.7 (57.5, 60.0) | 1.18 (1.16, 1.21) | 2.45 (2.33, 2.58) |
| Pack-years of smoking | |||||||
| 0 | 3879 | 0.30 (0.29, 0.31) | 14.1 (13.8, 14.5) | 5.12 (5.07, 5.18) | 53.8 (52.7, 54.9) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | 1.94 (1.86, 2.02) |
| <30 | 2067 | 0.60 (0.57, 0.64) | 12.0 (11.6, 12.4) | 4.52 (4.39, 4.64) | 61.9 (60.6, 63.3) | 1.17 (1.14, 1.20) | 2.03 (1.95, 2.12) |
| 30–59 | 576 | 0.82 (0.76, 0.90) | 12.9 (12.2, 13.7) | 4.50 (4.35, 4.65) | 65.4 (63.5, 67.4) | 1.34 (1.28, 1.40) | 2.08 (1.92, 2.25) |
| ≥60 | 278 | 0.77 (0.69, 0.85) | 13.0 (12.1, 14.0) | 4.60 (4.38, 4.84) | 67.5 (64.7, 70.5) | 1.32 (1.27, 1.28) | 2.22 (1.98, 2.50) |
| Serum cotinine, ng/mL | |||||||
| 0.015 | 2985 | 0.32 (0.31, 0.33) | 15.7 (15.2, 16.3) | 5.06 (4.98, 5.14) | 58.5 (57.0, 60.1) | 1.20 (1.17, 1.24) | 1.75 (1.67, 1.82) |
| 0.015 to <10 | 2608 | 0.31 (0.29, 0.32) | 13.4 (13.0, 13.7) | 5.00 (4.91, 5.10) | 54.4 (53.0, 55.7) | 1.02 (1.00, 1.05) | 2.10 (2.02, 2.19) |
| ≥10 | 1865 | 0.83 (0.80, 0.87) | 10.8 (10.4, 11.2) | 4.41 (4.31, 4.51) | 59.5 (58.2, 60.9) | 1.05 (1.03, 1.08) | 2.18 (2.09, 2.28) |
| Poverty-to-income ratio | |||||||
| <1 | 1195 | 0.41 (0.39, 0.44) | 12.5 (12.0, 14.5) | 4.96 (4.81, 5.12) | 51.4 (50.1, 54.9) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | 2.19 (2.09, 2.30) |
| 1–3 | 2834 | 0.40 (0.38, 0.43) | 13.0 (12.7, 13.4) | 4.98 (4.89, 5.07) | 55.4 (53.9, 61.6) | 1.05 (1.02, 1.07) | 2.12 (2.05, 2.22) |
| >3 | 2752 | 0.37 (0.35, 0.39) | 14.1 (13.7, 14.6) | 4.77 (4.71, 5.07) | 60.6 (59.7, 61.6) | 1.19 (1.16, 1.21) | 1.82 (1.75, 2.10) |
1
Values are geometric means (95% CIs) calculated with the use of PROC SURVEYMEAN.