TABLE 3.
The association of dietary and supplemental intake of carotenoids with ovarian cancer, African American Cancer Epidemiology Study, 2010–20141
| Intake, μg/d | Cases | Controls | 2 | P-linear3 |
| α-Carotene | ||||
| Q1 (<137) | 103 (25.4) | 158 (25.0) | 1.00 Referent | 0.4 |
| Q2 (137–272) | 105 (25.9) | 158 (25.0) | 0.92 (0.63, 1.36) | |
| Q3 (273–492) | 99 (24.4) | 158 (25.0) | 0.86 (0.58, 1.27) | |
| Q4 (>492) | 99 (24.4) | 158 (25.0) | 0.82 (0.55, 1.24) | |
| β-Cryptoxanthine | ||||
| Q1 (<59) | 93 (22.9) | 158 (25.0) | 1.00 Referent | 0.03 |
| Q2 (59–99) | 85 (20.9) | 158 (25.0) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.37) | |
| Q3 (100–185) | 103 (25.4) | 158 (25.0) | 1.13 (0.75, 1.72) | |
| Q4 (>185) | 125 (30.8) | 158 (25.0) | 1.45 (0.93, 2.25) | |
| Lutein zeaxanthin | 0.4 | |||
| Q1 (<1672) | 131 (32.3) | 158 (25.0) | 1.00 Referent | |
| Q2 (1672–2744) | 80 (19.7) | 158 (25.0) | 0.63 (0.42, 0.93)* | |
| Q3 (2745–5018) | 92 (22.7) | 158 (25.0) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.07) | |
| Q4 (>5018) | 103 (25.4) | 158 (25.0) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.10) | |
| Lycopene | 0.2 | |||
| Q1 (<1537) | 100 (24.6) | 158 (25.0) | 1.00 Referent | |
| Q2 (1537–2644) | 113 (27.8) | 158 (25.0) | 1.07 (0.72, 1.59) | |
| Q3 (2645–4498) | 104 (25.6) | 158 (25.0) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.33) | |
| Q4 (>4498) | 89 (21.9) | 158 (25.0) | 0.77 (0.48, 1.25) | |
| β-Carotene | ||||
| Dietary | 0.6 | |||
| Q1 (<2026) | 106 (26.1) | 158 (25.0) | 1.00 Referent | |
| Q2 (2026–3560) | 97 (23.9) | 158 (25.0) | 0.84 (0.57, 1.25) | |
| Q3 (3561–6003) | 102 (25.1) | 158 (25.0) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.41) | |
| Q4 (>6003) | 101 (24.9) | 158 (25.0) | 0.86 (0.56, 1.31) | |
| Supplemental | 0.2 | |||
| T1 (nonconsumer) | 223 (54.9) | 321 (50.8) | 1.00 Referent | |
| T2 (0–1200.0) | 171 (42.1) | 283 (44.8) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.12) | |
| T3 (>1200.0) | 12 (3.0) | 28 (4.4) | 0.59 (0.28, 1.24) | |
| Total | 0.2 | |||
| Q1 (<2384) | 106 (26.1) | 158 (25.0) | 1.00 Referent | |
| Q2 (2384–4152) | 107 (26.4) | 158 (25.0) | 0.87 (0.59, 1.28) | |
| Q3 (4153–7027) | 98 (24.1) | 158 (25.0) | 0.86 (0.58, 1.29) | |
| Q4 (>7027) | 95 (23.4) | 158 (25.0) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.13) | |
| Total carotenoids | 0.07 | |||
| Q1 (<6779) | 112 (27.6) | 158 (25.0) | 1.00 Referent | |
| Q2 (6779–11,158) | 116 (28.6) | 158 (25.0) | 0.89 (0.61, 1.32) | |
| Q3 (11,159–17,527) | 78 (19.2) | 158 (25.0) | 0.62 (0.40, 0.95)* | |
| Q4 (>17,527) | 100 (24.6) | 158 (25.0) | 0.66 (0.42, 1.04) |
1
Values are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Intakes of α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthine, lutein zeaxanthin, and lycopene were measured from food sources only. Supplement or dietary counterpart as covariate was added when appropriate. *P < 0.05, different from the reference level. Q, quartile; T, tertile.
2
Adjusted for age, region, education, parity, oral contraceptive use, menopause, tubal ligation, family history, BMI, smoking status, total energy, and physical activity.
3
P-linear is for a test of linear trend treating quartile and tertile medians as a continuous variable.