Table 1. Sociodemographic, clinical and head motion by group.
| HC (n = 38) | PD-nonMCI (n = 43) | PD-MCI (n = 27) | stat/p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 63.3(10.3) | 63.6(9.5) | 66.5(11.1) | 0.915/0.404 |
| Sex (female) | 17 | 19 | 10 | 0.457χ/0.796 |
| Years of education | 11.5(4.5) | 11.9(5.2) | 10.0(5.5) | 1.277/0.283 |
| Hand dominance (right) | 36 | 41 | 27 | 1.406χ/0.495 |
| UPDRS | — | 14.6(7.2) | 16.8(11.0) | 0.931†/0.358 |
| HY (1:1.5:2:2.5:3) | — | 11:5:22:3:2 | 4:0:15:3:5 | 7.618χ /0.107 |
| Disease duration | — | 5.9(4.0) | 10.1(7.2) | 2.797†/0.008 |
| LEDD | — | 646.7(434.2) | 950.7(555.2) | 2.558†/0.013 |
| MMSE | 29.7(0.5) | 29.4(0.7) | 28.6(1.5) | 14.946‡/0.001 |
| Mean attention/working memory | 0.06(0.75) | 0.13(0.68) | 0.31(0.75) | 1.016/0.366 |
| Mean executive function | 0.04(0.64) | −0.02(0.65) | −1.69(1.80) | 26.253/<0.001 |
| Mean memory | −0.01(0.56) | −0.06(1.04) | −0.91(0.86) | 24.150/<0.001 |
| Mean VS/VP | −0.02(0.8) | −0.23(0.62) | −1.53(1.05) | 15.034/<0.001 |
| Head rotation (degrees) | 0.03(0.01) | 0.04(0.02) | 0.04(0.02) | 6.775/0.002 |
| Head translation (mm) | 0.08(0.04) | 0.08(0.04) | 0.08(0.03) | 0.090/0.914 |
HC: healthy controls; PD-nonMCI: Parkinson’s disease patients without mild cognitive impairment; PD-MCI: Parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, motor section; HY: Hoehn and Yahr scale; Disease duration: duration of motor symptoms, in years; LEDD: levodopa equivalent daily dose, in mg; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; VS/VP: visuospatial/visuoperceptual score. Head motion parameters refer to mean interframe values. Test stats refer to F, Student’s t (†), Pearson’s chi-square (χ), or Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared (‡). Head motion parameters refer to mean interframe values. Post-hoc tests showed that MMSE, mean executive function, mean memory, and mean VS/VP scores were significantly lower in PD-MCI than both PD-nonMCI and HC (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected), with no significant differences between the latter. Head rotation was significantly lower in HC than both PD-nonMCI and PD-MCI (p < 0.05, FDR-corrected), with no significant differences between the latter.