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. 2017 Mar 2;8(3):92. doi: 10.3390/genes8030092

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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DNA replication stress is the slowing down or stalling of replication forks, which exposes single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). ssDNA is bound by Replication Protein A (RPA), which recruits proteins to the stalled fork (recruitment shown with black arrows). This activates the sensor kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR), which phosphorylates and activates the effector kinase Chk1. Chk1 phosphorylates a wide range of targets in the cell to carry out the DNA replication stress checkpoint functions shown.