Table 3.
Risk factors for chronic diseases associated with the anthropometry, lifestyle and blood biochemical analysis of participants.
| Characteristics | Obesity | Central Obesity | LDL-C Risk | HDL-C Risk | High Triglycerides | Dyslipidemia | Smoking | Alcohol Consumption | Low Intake of Fruits and Vegetables | Low Level of Physical Activity | Metabolic Syndrome | Total Risk Factors (N = 417) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) | % (n) # | Mean ± SD | |
| General | 35.2 (278) | 54.4 (426) | 32.1 (227) | 19.7 (139) | 32.8 (232) | 43.5 (269) | 22.5 (232) | 28.7 (300) | 91.8 (959) | 71.5 (746) | 21.1 (220) | 4.5 ± 1.9 |
| Gender | 0.003 | 0.003 | 0.032 | <0.001 | <0.001 | NS | NS | <0.001 | 0.001 | NS | 0.010 | <0.001 * |
| Male | 38.1 (106) | 47.3 (131) | 37.2 (93) | 35.6 (89) | 44.8 (112) | 41.8 (79) | 25.6 (92) | 43.0 (157) | 95.6 (349) | 69.8 (254) | 25.5 (93) | 5.1 ± 2.0 |
| Female | 33.6 (172) | 58.3 (295) | 29.3 (134) | 10.9 (50) | 26.3 (120) | 44.3 (190) | 20.8 (140) | 21.1 (143) | 89.7 (610) | 72.4 (492) | 18.7 (127) | 4.1 ± 1.8 |
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.033 | 0.005 | NS | 0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | NS | <0.001 | 0.048 ** |
| 18–20 | 4.8 (1) | 14.3 (3) | 0 (0) | 42.1 (8) | 0 (0) | 33.3 (3) | 21.7 (10) | 55.3 (26) | 87.2 (41) | 72.3 (34) | 0 (0) | 3.4 ± 1.5 |
| 21–64 | 35.3 (240) | 53 (357) | 32.6 (198) | 19.6 (119) | 33.2 (202) | 41.8 (219) | 24.1 (211) | 28.1 (248) | 93.4 (824) | 70.9 (625) | 19.8 (175) | 4.5 ± 1.9 |
| >64 | 41.4 (36) | 76.5 (65) | 36.4 (28) | 15.6 (12) | 39 (30) | 54.9 (45) | 8.1 (8) | 23.2 (23) | 77.8 (77) | 76.8 (76) | 45.5 (45) | 5.0 ± 1.7 |
| Education | 0.011 | <0.001 | NS | NS | NS | <0.001 | NS | 0.014 | NS | NS | <0.001 | 0.002 ** |
| Primary school | 42 (145) | 66.3 (226) | 32.2 (100) | 19.3 (60) | 37.3 (116) | 54.3 (127) | 24.7 (104) | 25.4 (107) | 89.6 (379) | 72.6 (307) | 30.3 (128) | 4.9 ± 1.7 |
| Secondary school | 32.2 (88) | 48.2 (131) | 31.5 (79) | 21.9 (55) | 28.7 (72) | 41 (87) | 21.5 (79) | 28.2 (104) | 93.2 (344) | 73.4 (271) | 16.8 (62) | 4.5 ± 2.0 |
| Tertiary/University | 25.9 (44) | 40.5 (68) | 32.9 (47) | 16.8 (24) | 30.8 (44) | 31.8 (54) | 20.1 (48) | 36.0 (87) | 93 (225) | 66.1 (160) | 12.4 (30) | 4.1 ± 2.0 |
| Employment status | 0.027 | <0.001 | NS | NS | NS | 0.011 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | NS | <0.001 | 0.011 ** |
| Employed | 33.6 (176) | 47.8 (249) | 35.0 (161) | 21.1 (97) | 33.9 (156) | 45.4 (209) | 25.4 (174) | 33.3 (230) | 94.9 (656) | 70.9 (490) | 17.5 (121) | 4.6 ± 2.0 |
| Unemployed | 35.0 (7) | 55.6 (10) | 16.7 (3) | 22.2 (4) | 22.2 (4) | 16.7 (3) | 21.9 (7) | 15.6 (5) | 93.8 (30) | 68.8 (22) | 9.4 (3) | 3.0 ± 1.0 |
| Students | 9.5 (2) | 33.3 (7) | 22.2 (4) | 5.6 (1) | 16.7 (3) | 22.2 (4) | 17.0 (8) | 37.5 (18) | 91.7 (44) | 66.7 (32) | 2.1 (1) | 3.1 ± 1.2 |
| Unpaid domestic work | 46.2 (60) | 71.3 (92) | 25.4 (32) | 17.5 (22) | 29.4 (37) | 34.1 (43) | 22.1 (34) | 12.3 (19) | 87.7 (136) | 76.8 (119) | 32.3 (50) | 4.7 ± 1.7 |
| Retired | 35.2 (31) | 72.7 (64) | 30.8 (24) | 19.2 (15) | 39.7 (31) | 42.3 (33) | 7.9 (8) | 25.7 (26) | 76.2 (77) | 70.3 (71) | 43.6 (44) | 4.6 ± 1.6 |
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.005 | NS | <0.001 | 0.002 | NS | 0.001 | NS | <0.001 | NS ** |
| Single | 27.2 (58) | 41.0 (86) | 22.6 (42) | 21.5 (40) | 26.9 (50) | 28.0 (52) | 27.1 (85) | 32.7 (104) | 95.6 (304) | 68.6 (218) | 12.3 (39) | 4.2 ± 1.7 |
| Married | 37.0 (153) | 57.7 (237) | 34.0 (128) | 22.9 (86) | 36.7 (138) | 46.0 (173) | 19.3 (99) | 28.8 (148) | 91.7 (472) | 73.8 (380) | 26.4 (136) | 4.7 ± 2.0 |
| Divorced | 39.8 (39) | 58.2 (57) | 33.3 (29) | 9.2 (8) | 27.6 (24) | 43.7 (38) | 29.4 (37) | 26.0 (33) | 86.6 (110) | 69.3 (88) | 18.1 (23) | 4.6 ± 2.0 |
| Widowed | 42.2 (27) | 72.6 (45) | 48.2 (27) | 8.9 (5) | 35.7 (20) | 55.4 (31) | 12.0 (9) | 18.7 (14) | 84.0 (63) | 72.0 (54) | 29.3 (22) | 4.6 ± 1.7 |
* p value for Mann–Whitney U test; ** p value for Kruskal-Wallis H test.