Table 1.

Selected indicators in children and their relevance in the Trident copper mining project area, Zambia.

Indicator	Definition and Measurement Methods	Relevance to Children’s Health and the Local Project Context
Plasmodium falciparum infection prevalence in children aged 6–59 months	P. falciparum infection is defined as the detection of the P. falciparum histidine-rich protein II antigen in capillary blood using a rapid diagnostic test (RDT; SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f; Standard Diagnostics Inc., Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea) [23].	Improved local economy, vector control measures implemented by the project and better infrastructure (e.g., roads, health facilities) can improve access to vector control measures and health care [12,24]. Environmental alteration due to project activities can potentially increase the number of vector breeding sites [25,26]. Camp follower settlements may develop with poor associated environmental health conditions potentially increasing vector breeding sites and human-vector contact if not managed appropriately [27,28].
Stunting prevalence in in children aged 0–59 months	Stunting, or low height-for-age, is defined as -2 standard deviation units from the WHO reference population median and measured using a digital scale and portable stadiometer (Seca 877; Seca GmbH, Hamburg, Germany) [29].	Improved local economy can improve nutritional status. Reduced access to agricultural land for local populations and food price inflations due to increased purchasing power can increase the burden of malnutrition
Anaemia prevalence in children aged 6–59 months	Anaemia is defined as haemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL in capillary blood assessed using a HemoCue® 201+ testing device (HemoCue Hb 201 System; HemoCue AB, Ängelholm, Sweden) [23]. Age was recorded based on the date of birth given in the child’s vaccination card, if available, or based on parents report.	Anaemia is used as a proxy indicator for general health and well-being, because of its multifactorial aetiology (e.g., intake and uptake of dietary iron, parasitic infections and prevalence of sickle cell disease) [30,31,32]. Epidemiology of infectious diseases, access to health care and diets potentially change due to the project development which, in turn, influences rates of anaemia [33].
Hookworm infection prevalence in children aged 9–14 years	Hookworm infection is defined as detection of hookworm eggs in a single thick-smear of a fresh, morning stool sample prepared and examined by the Kato-Katz technique within 20–40 min after slide preparation (using 41.7 mg templates) [34]. Intensity of infection was determined by counting hookworm eggs per slide and multiplied by a factor of 24 to obtain eggs per gram of stool (EPG).	Project-induced in-migration may place pressure on existing sanitation, which poses a risk for the transmission of diarrhoeal diseases and intestinal parasites. Increased income coupled with behaviour change can lead to protection through wearing of footwear. First-time inhabitation of native soil (e.g., new settlements or resettlement), increased use of footwear (due to increased income) and intensive circulation of top soil (due to project-associated activities) can lower exposure to hookworm eggs in the environment.