Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression models of the association between cultural participation, educational level and income on superfoods consumption
| Spelt products (N = 2759) | Quinoa (N = 2737) | Goji berries, chia seeds or wheatgrass (N = 2746) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude modela | Adjusted modelb | Crude modela | Adjusted modelb | Crude modela | Adjusted modelb | ||||||||
| Variables | Categories | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| Cultural participation (quintiles) | 1 lowest | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| 2 | 1.54 | (1.16, 2.05) | 1.39 | (1.04, 1.87) | 1.64 | (1.06, 2.55) | 1.40 | (.89, 2.22) | 1.53 | (1.03, 2.29) | 1.49 | (.98, 2.25) | |
| 3 | 1.99 | (1.48, 2.67) | 1.72 | (1.25, 2.35) | 2.68 | (1.72, 4.16) | 2.08 | (1.29, 3.35) | 1.59 | (1.07, 2.36) | 1.55 | (1.01, 2.36) | |
| 4 | 3.06 | (2.26, 4.15) | 2.54 | (1.83, 3.52) | 4.09 | (2.64, 6.34) | 2.94 | (1.83, 4.72) | 2.04 | (1.37, 3.04) | 1.98 | (1.28, 3.05) | |
| 5 highest | 3.72 | (2.72, 5.08) | 2.97 | (2.10, 4.18) | 5.37 | (3.41, 8.47) | 3.50 | (2.12, 5.79) | 2.83 | (1.89, 4.22) | 2.69 | (1.73, 4.17) | |
| Educational level | Primary | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Lower secondary | 2.15 | (1.23, 3.76) | 1.78 | (1.00, 3.16) | 1.13 | (.46, 2.81) | .91 | (.36, 2.33) | 1.19 | (.56, 2.53) | 1.10 | (.51, 2.40) | |
| Upper secondary | 2.58 | (1.46, 4.54) | 1.87 | (1.04, 3.37) | 2.12 | (.88, 5.11) | 1.45 | (.58, 3.63) | 1.79 | (.85, 3.76) | 1.50 | (.69, 3.27) | |
| Tertiary | 4.36 | (2.49, 7.63) | 2.55 | (1.41, 4.62) | 4.70 | (1.97, 11.25) | 2.37 | (.93, 6.02) | 2.08 | (1.00, 4.32) | 1.50 | (.68, 3.32) | |
| Household equivalent income | <€1000 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| €1000–€1500 | 1.20 | (.85, 1.69) | 1.02 | (.71, 1.45) | .84 | (.53, 1.33) | .71 | (.44, 1.15) | .82 | (.51, 1.31) | .73 | (.44, 1.20) | |
| €1500–€2000 | 1.34 | (.93, 1.93) | .97 | (.67, 1.41) | 1.15 | (.72, 1.84) | .81 | (.50, 1.31) | .87 | (.56, 1.34) | .69 | (.44, 1.09) | |
| €2000–€2500 | 1.64 | (1.16, 2.31) | .97 | (.66, 1.42) | 1.58 | (1.01, 2.46) | .87 | (.55, 1.40) | .94 | (.61, 1.45) | .68 | (.42, 1.07) | |
| >€2500 | 1.93 | (1.28, 2.91) | 1.01 | (.65, 1.58) | 2.48 | (1.53, 4.01) | 1.18 | (.71, 1.95) | 1.07 | (.65, 1.77) | .71 | (.41, 1.22) | |
aAll models were adjusted for confounders: sex, age, living together with a partner, country of birth, children living at home and employment status and fruit and vegetable consumption
bAll models included cultural participation, educational level, household equivalent income, sex, age, living together with a partner, country of birth, children living at home, employment status and fruit and vegetable consumption