Body weight. Body weight trajectory throughout the study. Control mice maintained on control diet throughout the experiment (black circles), HFS group (white squares), pair-fed mice (white rhombus), and VSG group (white triangles). All mice had ad libitum access to food throughout the study except the HF pair-fed group. After surgery, these mice were fed the amount of food ingested by the VSG group. Arrow at the x-axis indicates surgery day. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 as compared to chow control group; †p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001 as compared to HF sham (Tukey post-hoc tests upon one-way ANOVA). Data are mean ± SEM.