Table 2.

Drugs implicated in the cause of lower gastrointestinal symptoms and/or conditions

Symptom/condition	Implicated medications
Diarrhoea	Metformin Iron Fibrates (less with fenofibrate) Antibiotics (especially amoxicillin-clavulinate) ACE inhibitors β-blockers Angiotensin-2 antagonists Lithium Carbamazepine NSAIDs Frusemide 5-ASA (especially olsalazine) Proton pump inhibitors
Constipation	Opiates Anticholinergics Iron Antipsychotics (especially newer atypical agents eg, clozapine) Verapamil Frusemide Levothyroxine Cholestyramine
Inflammatory bowel disease	Antibiotics Oral contraceptives Mycophenolate mofetil Etenercept Ipilimumab Rituximab
Microscopic colitis	SSRIs (especially sertraline) NSAIDs Ticlopidine Lansoprazole Carbamazepine Acarbose Ranitidine

ASA, aminosalicylic acid; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.