Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of total cohort
| Characteristics | Total | Diabetic cohort | Non-diabetic cohort |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number (%) | 180 (100) | 92 (100) | 88 (100) |
| Age, years | 49 (23–74) | 53 (25–74) | 44 (40–58)* |
| Gender, m/f | 133 (73.9), 47 (26.1) | 58 (63.0), 34 (37.0) | 75 (85.2), 13 (14.8) |
| Caucasian, northern European | 64 (35.6) | 33 (35.9) | 31 (35.2) |
| Caucasian, southern European | 23 (12.8) | 12 (13.0) | 11 (12.5) |
| Indian subcontinent | 31(17.2) | 17 (18.5) | 14 (15.9) |
| SE Asian/Oriental | 13 (7.2) | 6 (6.5) | 7 (8.0) |
| Middle East | 27 (15.0) | 13 (14.1) | 14 (15.9) |
| African/Afro-Caribbean | 4 (2.2) | 4 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Ethnicity, other/unspecified | 18 (10.0) | 7 (7.7) | 11 (12.5) |
| ALT, U/l | 61 (12–270) | 54 (12–157) | 65 (29–270)* |
| AST, U/l | 38 (18–210) | 36 (18–210) | 38 (22–137) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.8 (19.8–52.4) | 32.7 (19.8–52.4) | 29.8 (21.4–49.0)* |
| Waist, cm | 107 (83–158) | 110 (83–148) | 104 (83–158)* |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 45 (27–120) | 53 (36–120) | 39 (27–49)* |
| Systolic BP, mm Hg | 134 (98–191) | 135 (105–191) | 134 (98–173) |
| Total chol, mmol/l | 4.44 (2.08–7.95) | 4.08 (2.08–7.95) | 4.85 (2.70–7.58)* |
| HDL, mmol/l | 1.11 (0.59–1.75) | 1.05 (0.59–1.75) | 1.14 (0.71–1.68)* |
| Triglyceride, mmol/l | 1.83 (0.26–7.85) | 1.93 (0.58–7.85) | 1.68 (0.26–7.00) |
| Obese | 100 (55.5) | 61 (66.3) | 39 (44.3) |
| Diabetes | 92 (52.1) | 92 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hypertension | 109 (60.6) | 68 (73.9) | 41 (46.6)* |
| Abnormal ALT | 142 (78.9) | 71 (77.1) | 71 (80.7) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 122 (67.8) | 65 (70.6) | 57 (64.8) |
| 1 MS feature | 39 (21.7) | 4 (43.4) | 35 (39.7) |
| 2 MS features | 42 (23.3) | 14 (15.2) | 28 (31.8) |
| 3 MS features | 52 (28.9) | 37 (40.2) | 15 (17.0) |
| 4 MS features | 35 (19.4) | 35 (38.0) | 0 (0.0)* |
| Alcohol intake, units/week | 0 (0–21) | 0 (0–21) | 1 (0–21) |
Data expressed as median (range) or number (%).
Metabolic syndrome features from the WHO proposal (1999), consisting of (1) diabetes or altered glucose regulation, (2) arterial blood pressure ≥140/90 or drug treated, (3) obesity defined by BMI and (4) dyslipidaemia. Microalbuminura excluded. Variables marked with * differ significantly (p<0.05) between patients with and without diabetes.
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; Chol, cholesterol; F, female; HDL, high density lipoprotein; M, male.