Table 5. Characteristics for encephalocele and congenital hydrocephalus of infants and their mother (isolated versus non-isolated).
| Characteristics | Encephalocele | Congenital hydrocephalus | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isolated | Non-isolated | P value | Isolated | Non-isolated | P value | |
| No. of cases | 301 | 103 | 2039 | 969 | ||
| Time of diagnosis (%) | 0.09 | 0.94 | ||||
| During pregnancy | 270 (89.7) | 98 (95.2) | 1926 (94.5) | 916 (94.5) | ||
| Within 7 days after delivery | 31 (10.3) | 5 (4.8) | 113 (5.5) | 53 (5.5) | ||
| Prognosis status (%) | 0.08 | 0.90 | ||||
| Live birth | 20 (6.6) | 2 (1.9) | 91 (4.5) | 49 (5.1) | ||
| Stillbirth | 50 (16.6) | 13 (12.6) | 270 (13.2) | 129 (13.3) | ||
| Dead within 28 days | 10 (3.3) | 1 (1.0) | 65 (3.2) | 32 (3.3) | ||
| Inducing labor | 221 (73.5) | 87 (84.5) | 1613 (79.1) | 759 (78.3) | ||
| Mother | ||||||
| No. of pregnancy (%) | 0.02 | 0.27 | ||||
| 0 | 4 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (0.2) | 5 (0.5) | ||
| 1 | 142 (47.2) | 63 (61.2) | 1051 (51.5) | 509 (52.5) | ||
| ≥2 | 155 (51.5) | 40 (38.8) | 984 (48.3) | 455 (47.0) | ||
| No. of live births (%) | 0.03 | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 117 (38.9) | 54 (52.4) | 464 (22.8) | 374 (38.6) | ||
| 1 | 142 (47.1) | 41 (39.8) | 1246 (61.1) | 446 (46.0) | ||
| ≥2 | 42 (14.0) | 8 (7.8) | 329 (16.1) | 149 (15.4) | ||
| Age, years (%) | 0.18 | 0.09 | ||||
| <20 | 10 (3.3) | 3 (2.9) | 51 (2.5) | 32 (3.3) | ||
| 20-25 | 75 (24.9) | 25 (24.3) | 603 (29.5) | 318 (32.8) | ||
| 25-30 | 106 (35.2) | 49 (47.6) | 725 (35.6) | 309 (31.9) | ||
| 30-35 | 70 (23.3) | 18 (17.5) | 392 (19.2) | 170 (17.5) | ||
| ≥35 | 40 (13.3) | 8 (7.7) | 268 (13.2) | 140 (14.5) | ||
| Race (%) | 0.43 | 0.48 | ||||
| Han | 263 (87.4) | 93 (90.3) | 1774 (87.0) | 834 (86.1) | ||
| Others | 38 (12.6) | 10 (9.7) | 265 (13.0) | 135 (13.9) | ||
| Income level † (%) | 0.80 | 0.006 | ||||
| < 600 yuan | 22 (7.3) | 8 (7.8) | 164 (8.0) | 72 (7.4) | ||
| 600-1200 yuan | 47 (15.6) | 12 (11.7) | 280 (13.7) | 177 (18.3) | ||
| 1200-2400 yuan | 86 (28.6) | 30 (29.1) | 569 (27.9) | 279 (28.8) | ||
| ≥ 2400 yuan | 146 (48.5) | 53 (51.4) | 1026 (50.4) | 441 (45.5) | ||
| Education level (%) | 0.41 | 0.21 | ||||
| Elementary school or less | 24 (8.0) | 5 (4.9) | 137 (6.7) | 86 (8.9) | ||
| Middle school | 184 (61.1) | 58 (56.3) | 1288 (63.2) | 594 (61.3) | ||
| High school | 44 (14.6) | 20 (19.4) | 357 (17.5) | 170 (17.5) | ||
| College or above | 49 (16.3) | 20 (19.4) | 257 (12.6) | 119 (12.3) | ||
| Infant | ||||||
| Gestational age, week (%) | 0.03 | <0.001 | ||||
| <28 | 228 (75.8) | 87 (84.5) | 840 (41.2) | 576 (59.4) | ||
| 28-37 | 33 (11.0) | 12 (11.7) | 867 (42.5) | 265 (27.4) | ||
| ≥37 | 40 (13.2) | 4 (3.8) | 332 (16.3) | 128 (13.2) | ||
| Birth weight, gram (%) | 0.014 | <0.001 | ||||
| <2500 | 257 (85.4) | 99 (96.1) | 1537 (75.4) | 793 (81.8) | ||
| 2500-4000 | 42 (14.0) | 4 (3.9) | 468 (23.0) | 171 (17.7) | ||
| ≥4000 | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 34 (1.6) | 5 (0.5) | ||
| Sex (%) | 0.23 | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 128 (42.5) | 53 (51.5) | 1088 (53.4) | 449 (46.3) | ||
| Female | 152 (50.5) | 42 (40.8) | 922 (45.2) | 492 (50.8) | ||
| Unknown | 21 (7.0) | 8 (7.7) | 29 (1.4) | 28 (2.9) | ||
| Multiple births (%) | 0.14 | 0.37 | ||||
| Yes | 4 (1.3) | 4 (3.9) | 60 (2.9) | 23 (2.4) | ||
| No | 297 (98.7) | 99 (96.1) | 1979 (97.1) | 946 (97.6) | ||
† Income level was presented as per person per year.