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Velocity of P. aeruginosa PA14 T4P retraction. (a) Sketch of the experimental setup. (b) Distribution of T4P retraction speeds at clamped forces (F) of 8 pN, 15 pN, and 30 pN (n, >950 retraction intervals of 100 ms for each condition). In these experiments, the P. aeruginosa PA14 ΔflgK mutant was used to eliminate any contribution of the flagellum to the adhesion or movement of the cell.
