Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics.
| Characteristics | Total | CAC = 0 | CAC >0 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 372 | n = 188 | n = 184 | p-value* | |
| Age at baseline CAC, mean (SD), y | 51.3 (2.8) | 50.9 (2.8) | 51.6 (2.7) | 0.005 |
| Site, n (%) | 0.5 | |||
| Chicago | 160 (43.0) | 78 (41.5) | 82 (44.6) | |
| Pittsburgh | 212 (57.0) | 110 (58.5) | 102 (55.4) | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.004 | |||
| African-American | 131 (35.2) | 53 (28.2) | 78 (42.3) | |
| White | 241 (64.8) | 135 (71.8) | 106 (57.6) | |
| Menopausal status, n (%) | 0.7 | |||
| Pre- and early perimenopausal | 200 (53.8) | 106 (56.4) | 94 (51.1) | |
| Late peri- and post-menopausal | 141 (37.9) | 66 (35.1) | 75 (40.8) | |
| Surgical menopause | 12 (3.2) | 7 (3.7) | 5 (2.7) | |
| Indeterminate | 19 (5.1) | 9 (4.8) | 10 (5.4) | |
| Income, n (%) | 0.1 | |||
| <$50,000 | 121 (32.7) | 55 (29.3) | 66 (36.3) | |
| $50,000–$100,000 | 154 (41.6) | 77 (41.0) | 77 (42.3) | |
| >$100,000 | 95 (25.7) | 56 (29.8) | 39 (21.4) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.4 | |||
| High school or less | 58 (15.6) | 25 (13.3) | 33 (17.9) | |
| Some college or college | 192 (51.6) | 102 (54.3) | 90 (48.9) | |
| Graduate | 122 (32.8) | 61 (32.5) | 61 (33.2) | |
| SBP, mean (SD), mmHg | 118.4 (17.1) | 113.3 (14.7) | 123.5 (18.0) | <0.0001 |
| BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 29.4 (6.4) | 25.7 (3.6) | 33.0 (6.5) | <0.0001 |
| HDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 57.4 (14.3) | 60.4 (14.6) | 54.5 (13.4) | <0.0001 |
| LDL-C, mean (SD), mg/dL | 119.9 (33.2) | 116.0 (29.8) | 123.9 (36.0) | 0.03 |
| Hormone therapy, n (%) | 55 (14.8) | 31 (16.5) | 24 (13.0) | 0.3 |
| CV medication use, n (%) | 81 (21.8) | 24 (12.8) | 57 (31.0) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 18 (4.8) | 6 (3.2) | 12 (6.5) | 0.1 |
| Family history of CV disease, n (%) | 251 (67.5) | 118 (62.8) | 133 (72.3) | 0.05 |
| Current smoking, n (%) | 50 (13.4) | 29 (15.4) | 21 (11.4) | 0.3 |
| HOMA, median (Q1, Q3) | 2.0 (1.5, 3.1) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.2) | 2.8 (1.8, 4.7) | <0.0001 |
| FRS, mean (SD) | 10.3 (3.5) | 9.5 (3.3) | 11.1 (3.5) | <0.0001 |
| hsCRP, median (Q1, Q3), mg/L | 2.1 (0.8, 5.6) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) | 3.9 (1.3, 8.0) | <0.0001 |
| Fibrinogen, median (Q1, Q3), mg/dL | 279 (242, 316) | 262 (230, 300) | 279 (256, 316) | 0.0005 |
| PAI-1, median (Q1, Q3), ng/mL | 13.2 (7.8, 24.7) | 10.6 (6.8, 19.2) | 18.2 (9.2, 32.4) | <0.0001 |
| tPA-ag, median (Q1, Q3), ng/mL | 6.8 (5.2, 9.3) | 6.3 (4.7, 7.6) | 8.1 (6.0, 10.4) | <0.0001 |
| Factor VIIc (%), median (Q1, Q3) | 118 (102, 138) | 113 (99, 131) | 123 (106, 143) | 0.002 |
*
p-value for CAC groups - Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables; χ2 test for categorical variables
BMI = body mass index; CAC = coronary artery calcification; CV = cardiovascular; FRS = Framingham risk score;
HDL-C = high density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA = homeostasis assessment model; hsCRP = high sensitivity
C-reactive protein; LDL-C = low density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAI-1 = plasminogen-activator inhibitor 1;
SBP = systolic blood pressure; tPA-ag = tissue plasminogen activator antigen