Table 3.

Pre-intervention and post-intervention inflammatory markers in smokers

	Smokers with honey (n = 32)		Smokers without honey (n = 32)
	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention	Pre-intervention	Post-intervention
TNF-α (pg/mL)	2615.86 (145.31)	3855.92 (217.83)*	3026.64 (128.74)	2893.59 (68.36)
IL-6 (ng/mL)	1.60 (0.19)	1.77(0.17)	1.96 (0.26)	1.73 (0.26)
hsCRP (ng/mL)	2.31 (0.32)	1.61 (0.26)*	2.91 (2.38)	1.65 (2.43)

Data are presented as mean (SEM). TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; IL: interleukin; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein

*p < 0.05 compared to the corresponding pre-intervention (Paired t-test)