Table 2.
Maternal characteristics for mothers responding to the personal interview (October 1, 2009 and March 15, 2010)
| Maternal characteristics | Live birtha
(n = 406) |
Stillbirtha (n = 28) | Total (n = 434) |
p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women’s education (attended) | 406 (100) | 28 (100) | 434 (100) | |
| No schooling | 6 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (1.4) | 0.548 |
| Elementary | 201 (49.5) | 10 (35.7) | 211 (48.6) | |
| Junior high | 116 (28.6) | 11 (39.3) | 127 (29.3) | |
| Senior high | 64 (15.8) | 6 (21.4) | 70 (16.1) | |
| Academy/University | 19 (4.7) | 1 (3.6) | 20 (4.6) | |
| Husbands’ education (attended) | 392 (100) | 27 (100) | 419 (100) | |
| No schooling | 7 (1.8) | 0 (0) | 7 (1.7) | 0.652 |
| Elementary | 182 (46.4) | 14 (51.9) | 196 (46.8) | |
| Junior high | 97 (24.7) | 6 (22.2) | 103 (24.6) | |
| Senior high | 84 (21.4) | 7 (25.9) | 91 (21.7) | |
| Academy/University | 22 (5.6) | 0 (0) | 22 (5.3) | |
| Woman’s occupation | 406 (100) | 28 (100) | 434 (100) | |
| Not employed | 276 (68.0) | 16 (57.1) | 292 (67.3) | 0.237 |
| Employed | 130 (32.0) | 12 (42.9) | 142 (32.7) | |
| SES | 406 (100) | 28 (100) | 434 (100) | |
| Quintile 1 (the poorest) | 49 (12.1) | 3 (10.7) | 52 (12) | 0.925 |
| Quintile 2 | 105 (25.9) | 8 (28.6) | 113 (26) | |
| Quintile 3 | 91 (22.4) | 6 (21.4) | 97 (22.4) | |
| Quintile 4 | 95 (23.4) | 5 (17.9) | 100 (23) | |
| Quintile 5 (the richest) | 66 (16.3) | 6 (21.4) | 72 (16.6) | |
| Referral characteristics | 406 (100) | 28 (100) | 434 (100) | |
| Referred directly to hospital | 255 (62.8) | 18 (64.3) | 273 (62.9) | 0.774 |
| Multiple referrals before admission | 120 (29.6) | 7 (25.0) | 127 (29.3) | |
| Self referred | 31 (7.6) | 3 (10.7) | 34 (7.8) | |
| Total time travel estimated to reach nearest hospital (hour) | 375 (100) | 22 (100) | 397 (100) | |
| Mean ± SD | 0.63 ± 0.54 | 0.69 ± 0.70 | 0.6 ± 0.6 | 0.590 |
| Range | 0.02 – 3.50 | 0.08 – 3.00 | 0.02–3.50 | |
| Total time estimated (estimated) by category to nearest hospital | 375 (100) | 22 (100) | 397 (100) | |
| < 0.5 h | 159 (42.4) | 10 (45.5) | 169 (42.6) | 0.450 |
| 0.5- < 1 h | 112 (29.9) | 5 (22.7) | 117 (29.5) | |
| 1- < 1.5 h | 66 (17.6) | 3 (13.6) | 69 (17.4) | |
| 1.5- < 2 h | 18 (4.8) | 3 (13.6) | 21 (5.3) | |
| > =2 h | 20 (5.3) | 1 (4.5) | 21 (5.3) | |
| Total time since left home until arrived at study hospital (hour) | 329 (100) | 22 (100) | 351 (100) | |
| Mean ± SD | 12.3 ± 20.2 | 6.2 ± 10.4 | 11.9 ± 19.8 | 0.162 |
| Range | 0.28 – 159.8 | 0.7 – 48.0 | 0.28 – 159.8 | |
| Total time traveled to reach study hospital | 329 (100) | 22 (100) | 351 (100) | |
| < 0.5 h | 8 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 8 (2.3) | 0.254 |
| 0.5- < 1 h | 13 (4.0) | 3 (13.6) | 16 (4.6) | |
| 1- < 1.5 h | 34 (10.3) | 3 (13.6) | 37 (10.5) | |
| 1.5- < 2 h | 28 (8.5) | 2 (9.1) | 22 (6.3) | |
| > =2 h | 246 (74.8) | 14 (63.6) | 268 (76.4) | |
| Type of transportation used to reach study hospital (actual) | 367 (100) | 26 (100) | 393 (100) | |
| By foot/ Becak/bicycle | 11 (3.0) | 0 (0) | 11 (2.8) | 0.174 |
| Motorbike/ojek | 55 (15.0) | 8 (30.8) | 63 (16) | |
| Ambulance | 128 (34.9) | 5 (19.2) | 133 (33.8) | |
| Public transportation | 121 (33.0) | 9 (34.6) | 130 (33.1) | |
| Private car (non ambulance) | 52 (14.2) | 4 (15.4) | 56 (14.2) | |
| Distance (km) to reach nearest hospital (estimated) | 185 (100) | 14 (100) | 199 (100) | |
| Mean ± SD | 12.9 ± 15.7 | 17.2 ± 19.8 | 13.2 ± 16 | 0.334 |
| Range | 0.05–80 | 0.05–60 | 0.05–80 | |
| Distance to reach nearest hospital (estimated) | 185 (100) | 14 (100) | 199 (100) | |
| < 5 km | 64 (34.6) | 4 (28.6) | 68 (34.2) | 0.773 |
| 5–9.9 km | 59 (31.9) | 4 (28.6) | 63 (31.7) | |
| 10+ km | 62 (33.5) | 6 (42.9) | 68 (34.2) | |
| Distance (km) traveled to reach study hospital (actual) | 131 (100) | 10 (100) | 141 (100) | |
| Mean ± SD | 20.0 ± 18.4 | 32.5 ± 23.3 | 20.8 ± 19.0 | 0.056 |
| Range | 1 - 85 | 11 – 83 | 1 - 85 | |
| Distance to reach study hospital (actual) – categorized | 131 (100) | 10 (100) | 141 (100) | |
| < 5 km | 34 (26.0) | 1 (10.0) | 35 (24.8) | 0.116 |
| 5–9.9 km | 22 (16.8) | 0 (0) | 22 (15.6) | |
| 10+ km | 75 (57.3) | 9 (90.0) | 84 (59.6) | |
| Reported barrier to referral | 406 (100) | 28 (100) | 434 (100) | |
| Personal barrier | 26 (6.4) | 0 (0) | 26 (6) | 0.167 |
| Transportation barrier | 54 (13.3) | 3 (10.7) | 57 (13.1) | 0.695 |
| Geographic barrier | 71 (17.5) | 10 (35.7) | 81 (18.7) | 0.017 |
| Fund barrier | 65 (16) | 6 (21.4) | 71 (16.4) | 0.453 |
| Administrative barrier | 38 (9.4) | 5 (17.9) | 43 (9.9) | 0.145 |
| Prenatal Care | 406 (100) | 28 (100) | 434 (100) | |
| Yes | 395 (97.3) | 26 (92.9) | 421 (97) | 0.183 |
| Number of visits 4+ | 325 (83.8) | 17 (63.0) | 342 (82.4) | 0.006 |
| Initiated 1st trimester | 319 (83.5) | 25 (89.3) | 344 (83.9) | 0.612 |
| Initiated 2nd trimester | 54 (14.1) | 3 (10.7) | 57 (13.9) | |
| Initiated 3rd trimester | 9 (2.4) | 0 (0) | 9 (2.2) |
aData are mean ± standard deviation or n(%)
Data in italics have precise significance