Table 1.
Background characteristics of study population
| Variables | Total | Men | Women |
|---|---|---|---|
| N = 28,879 | N = 11,052 | N = 17,827 | |
| Residence | |||
| Rural (Karonga) | 13,867 | 5,841(52.9) | 8,026(45.0) |
| Urban (Lilongwe) | 15,012 | 5,211(47.1) | 9,801(55.0) |
| Age group (in years) | |||
| 18–24 | 8,169 | 3,299(29.9) | 4,870(27.3) |
| 25–34 | 8,947 | 3,023(27.4) | 5,915(33.2) |
| 35–44 | 5,385 | 2,133(19.3) | 3,252(18.2) |
| 45–54 | 2,900 | 1,153(10.4) | 1,747(9.8) |
| 55–64 | 1,722 | 681(6.2) | 1,041(5.8) |
| > 65 | 1,756 | 754(6.8) | 1,002(5.6) |
| Smoking history | |||
| Never smoker | 26,868 | 9,127(82.6) | 17,741(99.5) |
| Past smoker | 712 | 664(6.0) | 48(0.3) |
| Current smoker | 1,299 | 1,261(11.4) | 38(0.2) |
| Alcohol use | |||
| None | 23,589 | 6,662(60.3) | 16,927(94.9) |
| Light/irregular | 4,052 | 3,236(29.3) | 816(4.6) |
| Moderate/heavy | 1,238 | 1,154(10.4) | 84(0.5) |
| Education level | |||
| No formal/illiterate | 2,666 | 509(4.6) | 2,156(12.1) |
| Standard | 11,238 | 3,739(33.8) | 7,499(42.1) |
| Secondary | 12,350 | 5,503(49.8) | 6,847(38.4) |
| Tertiary | 2,625 | 1,301(11.8) | 1,324(7.4) |
| Occupation | |||
| Unemployed | 10,941 | 3,101(28.1) | 7,840(44.0) |
| Farming/Fishing | 8,710 | 3,390(30.7) | 5,320(29.8) |
| Self-employed | 4,696 | 1,910(17.3) | 2,786(15.6) |
| Salaried worker | 4,532 | 2,651(24.0) | 1,881(10.6) |
| Wealth quintilea | |||
| 1st (lowest) | 5,277 | 1,954(17.7) | 3,323(18.6) |
| 2nd | 6,219 | 2,497(22.6) | 3,722(20.9) |
| 3rd | 5,531 | 2,090(18.9) | 3,441(19.3) |
| 4th | 6,658 | 2,502(22.6) | 4,156(23.3) |
| 5th (highest) | 4,957 | 1,911(17.3) | 3,046(17.1) |
| Underweightb | |||
| No | 25,973 | 10,104(91.6) | 15,869(94.6) |
| Yes | 1,840 | 931(8.4) | 909(5.4) |
| HIV status | |||
| Negative | 18, 673 | 7,067(63.9) | 11,606(65.0) |
| HIV+ | 792 | 247(2.2) | 545(3.1) |
| HIV+ on ART | 1,562 | 443(4.0) | 1,119(6.3) |
| Unknown | 7,852 | 3,295(29.8) | 4,557(25.6) |
| Currently pregnant | |||
| No | 16,817 | 16,817(94.3) | |
| Yes | 1,010 | 1,010(5.7) | |
| Previous pregnanciesc | |||
| None | 2,335 | 2,335(13.1) | |
| 1–2 | 5,310 | 5,310(29.8) | |
| 3–5 | 6,175 | 6,175(34.7) | |
| ≥ 6 | 3,981 | 3,981(22.4) | |
a 237 missing b 1,066 pregnant women excluded from BMI c 26 missing