Table 7.

Multivariable analysis of anemia risk factors using multinomial regression among women

Variable	Mild anemia OR (95%CI)	P value1	Moderate-to-severe anemia OR (95%CI)	P value1
Age group (years)
18–24	1		1
25–34	1.09(0.93–1.29)	0.28	1.32(1.09–1.60)	0.005
35–44	1.38(1.12–1.68)	0.002	2.10(1.66–2.66)	<0.001
45–54	1.27(1.00–1.62)	0.05	1.86(1.40–2.45)	<0.001
55–64	0.95(0.71–1.27)	0.74	0.88(0.60–1.28)	0.49
> 65	1.08(0.80–1.48)	0.60	1.14(0.77–1.68)	0.53
Smoking status
Never smoker	1		1
Past	0.73(0.26–2.10)	0.57	0.24(0.03–1.82)	0.17
Current	2.65(1.07–6.57)	0.04	1.05(0.23–4.70)	0.95
Residence
Rural (Karonga)	1		1
Urban (Lilongwe)	1.08(0.92–1.26)	0.34	1.07(0.89–1.29)	0.46
Education level
No formal/illiterate	1.02(0.85–1.21)	0.84	1.15(0.93–1.41)	0.19
Standard	1		1
Secondary	1.31(1.15–1.48)	<0.001	1.02(0.88–1.19)	0.78
Tertiary	1.30(1.03–1.63)	0.03	1.12(0.87–1.44)	0.39
Wealth quintile
1st (lowest)	1		1
2nd	1.03(0.88–1.21)	0.69	0.95(0.78–1.16)	0.63
3rd	0.97(0.82–1.15)	0.76	1.07(0.87–1.31)	0.54
4th	1.01(0.86–1.19)	0.91	1.13(0.93–1.38)	0.22
5th(highest)	1.10(0.92–1.32)	0.29	1.18(0.95–1.47)	0.13
Occupation
Unemployed	1		1
Farming/Fishing	1.05(0.88–1.25)	0.59	0.99(0.80–1.22)	0.90
Self-employed	0.97(0.83–1.13)	0.72	0.97(0.81–1.16)	0.72
Salaried worker	0.99(0.82–1.18)	0.88	1.04(0.85–1.28)	0.69
HIV/ART status
HIV Negative	1		1
HIV+ and <5 years on ART	2.01(1.62–2.48)	<0.001	2.82(2.24–3.65)	<0.001
HIV+ and >5 years on ART	1.30(0.94–1.80)	0.12	2.23(1.61–3.09)	<0.001
HIV+ not on ART	2.53(1.99–3.21)	<0.001	4.19(3.29–5.35)	<0.001
Unknown HIV status	1.22(1.06–1.39)	0.004	1.70(1.46–1.98)	<0.001
Currently pregnant
No	1		1
Yes	2.65(2.19–3.20)	<0.001	2.21(1.72–2.82)	<0.001
Parity
None	1.43(1.19–1.72)	<0.001	2.11(1.72–2.60)	<0.001
1–2	1		1
3–5	1.09(0.94–1.27)	0.23	0.94(0.79–1.11)	0.46
6+	1.25(1.02–1.53)	0.03	0.88(0.69–1.11)	0.28

¹ Wald test p values are presented here