Table 2. Functional outcomes after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Variables	Preoperative	12 months Postoperative	p-value
Pain VAS	6.25±2.24	2.97±1.97	< 0.001
ASES score	41.91±17.24	71.83±24.0	< 0.001
Constant score*	42.59±18.34	74.75±17.74	< 0.001
SST score	2.82±2.13	7.31±2.45	< 0.001
Forward elevation (°)	68.28±33.45	132.71±25.36	< 0.001
External rotation (°)	23.34±16.09	36.57±19.69	0.004
Internal rotation (vertebra) †	13.31±3.81	11.89±3.14	0.082

VAS, visual analog scale; ASES, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons; SST, simple shoulder test

*Constant score was matched according to age and sex.[34]

^†The vertebral level of internal rotation was numbered serially as follows: 1–12 for the 1^st to 12^th thoracic vertebra, 13–17 for the 1^st to 5^th lumbar vertebra, and 18 for any level below the sacral region.