Table 1. Characteristics of reviewed studies of personality characteristics and HRQOL.
| Author [Reference #] | Country | Disease-specific population | Sample Size | SD | Personality trait | Personality measure | HRQL domain | HRQL measure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Badura-Brzoza et al [22] | Poland | Total hip replacement | 102 | CO | State and trait anxiety, sense of coherence, neuroticism, and extraversion | STAI, SOC, and EPI | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Bartoces et al [23] | USA | Cervical cancer | 145 | CS | Self esteem | RSE | Generic (PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Dubayova et al [24] | Slovakia | Parkinson's disease |
153 | CS | Type D personality and negative affectivity | DS-14 | Condition-specific (overall QOL, mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognition, communication, and bodily discomfort) | PDQ-39 |
| Dubayova et al [25] | Slovakia | Parkinson's disease | 153 | CS | Neuroticism and extraversion | EPQ-R | Condition-specific (mobility, activities of daily living, emotional well-being, stigma, social support, cognition, communication, and bodily discomfort) | PDQ-39 |
| Kall et al [26] | Sweden | Whiplash associated disorders | 40 | CO | Self-efficacy | SES | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-12 |
| Kobayashi et al [27] | Japan | Cervical cancer | 60 | CS | Self-esteem | RSE | Condition-specific (physical, social/family, emotional, and functional) | FACT-G |
| Kvarme et al [28] | Norway | School children | 279 | CS | Self-efficacy | GSE | Generic (physical well-being, emotional well-being, self-esteem, and friends) | KINDL |
| Siassi et al [29] | Germany | Post major colorectal surgery | 79 | CO | Neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and sense of coherence | NEO-FFI and SOC | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) Condition-specific (overall QOL) | SF-36 and GLQI-39 |
| Tsaousides et al [30] | USA | Adults under 65 with traumatic brain injury | 425 | CS | Self-efficacy | IND/BBQ | Overall QoL | LLATBI |
| Visser-Meily et al [31] | Netherlands | Post aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage | 141 | CS | Neuroticism | EPQ | Condition-specific (emotional functioning) | SSQOL |
| Warrian et al [32] | USA | Glaucoma | 147 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | NEO-PI-R | Condition-specific (overall QOL, general vision, mental health, social functioning, role limitation, and ocular pain) | VFQ |
| Aarstad et al [33] | Norway | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | 55 | CO | Neuroticism, extraversion, and lie | EPI | Condition-specific (global QOL, functioning scale, cancer symptom scale, and head and neck cancer symptom scale) | EORTC QLQ-H&N35 and EORTC-QLQ-C30 |
| Boye et al [34] | Norway | Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease | 110 | CS | Aggression, alexithymia, neuroticism, and lie | BPA, EPQ, and TAS | Condition-specific (overall QOL, emotional functioning, social functioning, systemic symptoms, and bowel functioning) | IBDQ |
| Boye et al [35] | Norway | Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease | 109 | CS | Aggression, alexithymia, neuroticism, and lie | BPA, EPQ, and TAS | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, and GH) | SF-36 |
| De Bolle et al [36] | Belgium | Children with cancer | 54 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, imagination, benevolence, and conscientiousness | HiPIC | Generic (overall QOL, PF, EF, SF, and SC) | PedsQL 4.0 |
| Jerant et al [37] | USA | Chronic conditions | 245 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | NEO-FFI | Generic (overall QOL, mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression) | EQ-5D |
| Aquarius et al [38] | Netherlands | Peripheral arterial disease | 150 | CS | Type D personality | DS-14 | Generic (overall QOL, physical health, and level of independence) | WHOQOL-100 |
| Aquarius et al [39] | Netherlands | Peripheral arterial disease | 203 | CO | Type D personality | DS-14 | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, and GH) | RAND-36 |
| Chapman et al [40] | USA | Elderly | 442 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | NEO-FFI and SOC | Generic (SF, RE, RP, and PF) | SF-36 |
| Cohen et al [41] | Israel | Adolescents with heart disease | 173 | CS | Self esteem | RSE | Condition-specific (limitations) | TAAQOL-CHD |
| Karlsson et al [42] | Sweden | Coronary artery disease | 224 | CO | Type D personality, sense of coherence, and negative affectivity | DS-24 and SOC | Generic (overall QOL) | Cantril Ladder of Life |
| Middleton et al [43] | Australia | Spinal cord injuries | 106 | CS | Self-efficacy | Moorong and SES | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Moreno-Jimenez et al [44] |
Spain | Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis | 120 | CS | Neuroticism | EPI-N and RSE | Condition-specific (overall QOL, emotional function, social function, systemic symptoms, and bowel function) | IBDQ |
| Pedersen et al [45] | Netherlands | Post implantation of cardiverter-defibrillator | 154 | CO | Type D personality | DS-14 | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, and GH) | SF-36 |
| van der Steeg et al [46] | Netherlands | Breast disease | 202 | CO | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, and state-trait anxiety | NEO-PI-R and STAI | Generic (overall QOL, physical health, psychological health, and social relationships) | WHOQOL-100 |
| Arnold et al [47] | Netherlands | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 39 | CO | Self-efficacy | Sullivan and SES | Generic (PF, MH, SF, and overall) | SF-36 and Cantril Ladder or Life |
| Friedman et al [48] | USA | Breast cancer | 81 | CS | Optimism | LOT | Condition-specific (physical well-being, emotional well-being, and functional well-being) | FACIT-G |
| Hantash et al [49] | Palestine | Teeth implant | 50 | CO | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | NEO-FFI | Condition-specific (overall QOL, appearance, pain, oral comfort, general performance, and eating ability) | DIDL |
| Ong et al [50] | Canada | Atrial fibrillation | 93 | CS | Optimism |
LOT | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Pedersen et al [51] | Netherlands | Heart transplantation | 188 | CS | Type D personality | DS-14 | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Aquarius et al [52] | Netherlands | Peripheral arterial disease | 300 | CS | Type D personality | DS-14 | Generic (overall QOL,physical health, and level of independence) | WHOQOL-100 |
| van den Berg et al [53] | Netherlands | Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation | 73 | CS | Neuroticism | EPQ-R | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, and GH) | SF-36 |
| Vollrath et al [54] | Norway | Pediatric patients with unintentional injuries | 107 | CO | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | HiPIC | Generic (overall QOL, physical complaints, motor functioning, autonomy, cognitive functioning, social functioning, positive emotions, and negative emotions) | TACQOL |
| Zhang et al [55] | China | Liver transplant candidates | 55 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism, and lie | EPQ | Generic (physical, material, social, and psychological well-being) | GQOLI-74 |
| De Clercq et al [56] | Belgium | Pediatric cancer survivors | 67 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | HiPIC | Generic (overall QOL, physical functioning, emotional functioning, social functioning, and school functioning) | PedsQL 4.0 |
| Sears et al [57] | USA | Implantable cardioverter defibrillator | 88 | CO | Optimism | LOT | Generic (MH, SF, and GH) | SF-36 |
| Wittkowski et al [58] | UK | Atopic dermatitis | 125 | CS | Self esteem | RSES | Condition-specific (work, leisure, relationships, daily activities and treatment) | DLQI |
| Aarstad et al [59] | Norway | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | 96 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, and lie | EPI | Condition-specific (global QOL, functioning scale, cancer symptom scale, and head and neck cancer symptom scale) | EORTC QLQ-H&N35 and EORTC-QLQ-C30 |
| Duberstein et al [60] | USA | Aging primary care patients | 265 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | NEO-FFI | Generic (PF, GH) | SF-36 |
| Han et al [61] | Korea | Chronic conditions | 1748 | CS | Self-efficacy and self-esteem | RSE and SES | Generic (physical, psychological, and socio-economic) | Ro's |
| Penedo et al [62] |
USA | HIV/AIDS | 116 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness | NEO-PI-R | Condition-specific (overall function, life satisfaction, medical worries, financial worries, medication worries, HIV master, disclosure worries, provider trust, and sexual functioning) | HAT-QOL |
| Cormier et al [63] | France | Prostate cancer screening | 334 | CS | Trait-anxiety | STAI | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Goodwin et al [64] | USA | General population | 3606 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness | MIDI | Generic (overall subjective health perception) | Newly-developed health perception scale |
| Rose et al [65] | Germany | Diabetes | 625 | CS | Optimism | SWOP | Generic (overall QOL) | WHOQOL-BREF |
| Wasylkiw et al [66] | Canada | Psychology students | 350 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness | NEO-PI | Generic (PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, and GH) | SF-36 |
| Cederfjall et al [67] | Sweden | HIV | 189 | CS | Sense of coherence | SOC | Generic (overall QOL) and condition-specific (HIV symptoms) | HI and self-developed HIV symptom Scale |
| Kressin et al [68] | USA | General population | 691 | CS | Negative affectivity | EPI-Q | Condition-specific (oral HRQOL, psychosocial functioning, physical functioning, and pain) | OHQOL, OHIP, and GOHAI |
| Tanum et al [69] | Norway | Functional gastrointestinal disorder | 111 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, openness, and agreeableness, and hostility | EPQ and NEO-PI | Generic (pain) | McGill Pain Questionnaire |
| Achat et al [70] | USA | General population | 659 | CO | Optimism | LOT | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Allison et al [71] | France | Head and neck cancer | 101 | CO | Optimism | LOT | Condition-specific (overall QOL, functioning scale, and symptom scale) | EORTC-QLQ-C30 |
| Burgess et al [72] | UK | HIV seropositive | 279 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism | EPQ-R | Condition-specific (role functioning, physical functioning, health distress, and mental health) | MOS-HIV |
| Canizares et al [73] | Spain | Epilepsy | 33 | CO | Neuroticism | EPQ-A | Condition-specific (cognitive functioning) | QOLIE-31 |
| Denollet et al [74] | Holland | Coronary heart disease | 319 | CO | Type D personality | DS-16 | Generic (perceived health symptoms and disability) | HCS and GMS |
| Fritz [75] | USA | Heart attack or check pain | 65 | CO | Agency, communion, and unmitigated communion | PAQ and HUCS | Generic (MCS and PCS) | SF-36 |
| Kempen et al [76] | Holland | Congestive heart failure and acute myocardial infarction | 213 | CS | Neuroticism | EPQ-R | Generic (functional disability | GARS |
| Kressin et al [77] | USA | General population | 1629 | CS | Negative affectivity | EPI-Q | Generic (BP, PF, RP, RE, MH, SF, VT, GH, PCS, and MCS) | SF-36 |
| Nesbitt et al [78] | USA | Elderly | 137 | CS | Sense of coherence | SOC | Generic (Overall QOL) | Ferrans and Power Quality of Life Index-General Version |
| Spiro III et al [18] | USA | General population | 1257 | CS | Extraversion | EPI-Q | Generic (PF, RP, BP, GH, VT, SF, RE, MH) and condition-specific (cognitive functioning) | SF-36 and MHI |
| Scott et al [79] | USA | Orthognathic surgery | 117 | CO | Neuroticism | EPI-Q | Generic (psychosocial scale) and condition-specific (general oral health, effect on work and social activities, oral esthetics, pain/sensitivity, and oral functioning) | SIP and OHSQ |
| Yamaoka et al [80] | Japan | Stomach cancer | 828 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism | EPQ | Generic (positive and negative HRQOL) | HRQOL-20 (Japanese version) |
| Zhu et al [81] | China | Epilepsy | 201 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, and psychoticism | EPQ | Generic (general physical health) | General well-being Schedule |
| Carr et al [82] | Australia | Earthquake victims | 845 | CO | Neuroticism, and extraversion | EPI | Generic (psychological distress) | GHQ-12 |
| Hollifield et al [83] | USA | Panic attack | 123 | CS | Neuroticism | NEO-FFI | Generic (PF, MH, and GH) | SF-36 |
| Kempen et al [84] | Holland | Elderly | 5279 | CS | Neuroticism | EPQ-R | Generic (PF, RF, SF, HP, BP, and MH) | SF-20 |
| Wettergren et al [85] | Sweden | Malignant blood disorders | 20 | CO | Sense of coherence | SOC | Condition-specific (overall QOL, functioning scale, and symptom scale) | EORTC-QLQ-C30 |
| Chen et al [86] | UK | Suspicion of breast cancer | 121 | CO | Neuroticism and extraversion | EPI | Generic (psychological distress) | GHQ-12 |
| Joukamaa et al [87] | Finland | Elderly | 190 | CO | Alexithymia | TAS-26 | Generic (psychological distress) | GHQ-32 |
| Kempen et al [88] | Holland | Elderly | 624 | CO | Neuroticism, extraversion | EPQ | Generic (motor, hearing, and vision functioning) | OECD indicator, HHDI-D, and a self-developed scale for vision. |
| Kempen et al [89] | Holland | Elderly | 753 | CO | Neuroticism, extraversion, and mastery | EPQ | Generic (functioning activity) | GARS-ADL subscale |
| Hidding et al [90] | Holland | Ankylosing spondylitis | 67 | CO | Neuroticism | DPI | Generic (global health) | SIP, HAQ-S, Functional Index for Ankylosing spondylitis, and self-developed hospital visual analogue scale |
| Carver et al [91] | USA | Breast cancer | 70 | CO | Optimism | LOT | Generic (subjective well-being, sex quality, and pain) | Profile of Mood States, Life Satisfaction Scale, Quality of Sex Life, and self-developed pain scale |
| Hidding et al [92] | Holland | Ankylosing spondylitis | 144 | CS | Neuroticism | DPI | Generic (overall QOL) and Condition-specific (activities of daily living, physical functioning, and psychosocial functioning) | SIP, HAQ-S, and SAF |
| Jorm et al [93] | Australia | Elderly | 711 | CS | Neuroticism and extraversion | EPQ-R | Generic (Overall QOL, physical functioning, vision, hearing, pain, activity of daily living, and symptom) | Self-developed scales |
| Hooker et al [94] | USA | Caregivers of Alzheimer disease or dementia | 51 | CS | Neuroticism and optimism | NEO-FFI and LOT | Generic (mental and physical HRQOL) | Bradbun Affect Balance, HPQ- Current Health Subscale, self-developed health index, and MAI |
| Wilson et al [95] | UK | Globus sensation | 46 | CS | Neuroticism, extraversion, and lie | EPI | Generic (psychological distress) | GHQ-60 |
| Scheier et al [96] | USA | Psychology students | 141 | CO | Optimism | LOT | Generic (physical symptoms) | Physical Symptom Checklist- 39 |
SD: Study Design.
CO: cohort study.
CS: cross-sectional study.
Personality Measures.
BPA: Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire.
DPI: Dutch Personality Inventory.
DS-14: Type D Scale 14.
DS-16: Type D Scale 16.
DS-24: Type D Scale 24.
EPI: Eysenck Personality Inventory.
EPI-Q: Short form of Eysenck Personality Inventory Emotional Stability Scale.
EPQ: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.
EPQ-A: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire – Spanish Adult version.
EPQ-R: Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised.
GSE: Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale.
HiPIC: Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children.
HUCS: Helgeson’s Unmitigated Communion Scale.
IND/BBQ: Independence (IND) subscale of the Bigelow Quality of Life Questionnaire (BBQ).
LOT: The Life Orientation Test.
MIDI: Midlife Development Inventory Personality Scales.
NEO-PI: The Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness Personality Inventory.
NEO-PI-R: The Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness Personality Inventory Revised.
NEO-FFI: The Neuroticism, Extraversion and Openness Five-Factor Inventory- short version.
PAQ: Personal Attributes Questionnaire.
RSE: Rosenberg Self Esteem scale.
SES: Self-Efficacy Scale.
SOC: Antonovsky’s Sense of Coherence Questionnaire.
STAI: State and Trait Anxiety Inventory.
SWOP: The Assessment of Beliefs in Self-Efficacy and Optimism.
TAS: Toronto Alexithymia Scale.
HRQOL Measures
DIDL: Dental Impact on Daily Living.
EORTC-QLQ-C30: European Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Core Questionnaire.
EORTC-QLQ-H&N35: European Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire module for patients with head and neck cancer.
EQ-5D: EuroQol-5 Dimension questionnaire.
FACIT-G: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-General.
GARS: Groningen Activity Restriction Scale.
GHQ-12/GHQ-32/GHQ-60: General Health Questionnaire 12-/ 32-/60-item versions.
GOHAI: Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Instrument.
GLQI-39: Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index.
GMS: Global Mood Scale.
GQOLI-74: General Quality of Life Inventory.
HAQ-S: Health Assessment Questionnaire for the Spondyloarthropathies
HAT-QOL: The HIV/AIDS-Targeted Quality of Life Instrument.
HCS: The Health Complaints Scale.
HHDI-D: Hearing Handicap and Disability Inventory – Disability Subscale.
HI: Health Index.
HPQ: Health Perceptions Questionnaire.
HRQOL-20: Health Related Quality of Life questionnaire.
IBDQ: Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire
KINDL: A generic instrument for assessing HRQOL in children and adolescents.
LLATBI: The Living Life After Traumatic Brain Injury.
MAI: Multilevel Assessment Instrument.
MHI: Mental Health Index.
MOS-HIV: Medical Outcomes Study-HIV Health Survey.
OHIP: Oral Health Impact Profile.
OHQOL: Oral Health Related Quality of Life.
OHSQ: Oral Health Status Questionnaire.
PedsQL 4.0: Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0.
PDQ-39: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire.
QOLIE-31: Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory.
RAND-36: RAND 36-Item Health Survey.
SAF: Self-Assessed Function questionnaire.
SF-20/SF-36: The Short Form 20-Item/36-Item Health Survey.
SIP: Sickness Impact Scale.
SSQOL: Stroke-Specific Quality of Life.
TACQOL: TNO-AZL Children’s Quality of Life questionnaire.
VFQ: National Eye Institute's Visual Function Questionnaire.
WHOQOL-100: World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment.
HRQOL Domains of the SF-36/ RAND-36/SF-20.
PF: Physical functioning.
RP: Role limitation due to physical problems.
BP: Bodily pain.
GH: General health perceptions.
VT: Vitality
SF: Social functioning.
RE: Role limitation due to emotional problems.
MH: Mental health.