Table 2. Summary of factors that influence canine rabies vaccination uptake.

Level	Main themes	Barriers Identified	Facilitators Identified
Individual	1.1 Insufficient knowledge about the vaccination campaign and rabies	• Lack of information about the campaign • Insufficient knowledge of rabies and rabies vaccination • Belief that purebred dogs are more vulnerable to illnesses than mongrels	• Exposure to communication about rabies and the vaccination campaign
	1.2 Mistrust in quality of vaccination services and vaccine	• Mistrust of vaccine quality and staff competence • Consider the service and attention not warm enough • Bad previous experiences at campaign
	1.3 High perceived risk of rabies for dogs and families	• Attitude of indifference towards rabies and the campaign • Low motivation to invest the time or effort in vaccination	• Fear of rabies • Believe that dogs’ health guarantees family´s safety and health • Awareness of many canine rabies cases in their district
	1.4 Logistical factors	• Difficulty in transporting dogs to the vaccination sites • Risk of dog fights at vaccination sites • Low knowledge about the dog vaccination campaign	• Affection and sense of duty towards their dogs • Recent experience of dog bites
Interpersonal	2.1 Social norms regarding relationship with dogs and dog care	• Norms around dog ownership—functional relationship with the dog (e.g. guard dog) • No norm of walking dog on leashes	• Emotional relationship with the dog (e.g. pet)
	2.2 Social pressure from the community to vaccinate–or not	• Evasiveness/aggressiveness or mockery if asked about vaccinating dog • Perception that neighbors who do not vaccinate have more urgent needs	• Social pressure: not wanting to get in trouble if their dog bit another • Pressure to vaccinate from other people (e.g. family, veterinarians)
Organizational	3.1 Insufficient health promotion and communication for dog vaccination campaigns	• Untimely advertisement of time of campaigns • Difficulty understanding megaphone messages • Lack of advertisement of vaccination point locations • Insufficient identification of personnel
	3.2 Inadequate location and low frequency of mass vaccination campaign	• Infrequent vaccination campaigns • Inadequate vaccination point locations.	• Door to door vaccination would help, particularly mentioned by peri-urban residents
	3.3 Limited personnel vaccinating during the campaign	• Long lines at vaccination points • Vaccination points accesible for short periods	• Gratuity of vaccine • Possibility of receiving other dog services at the same time, such as de-worming
Community	4.1 Distance to vaccination point and difficult topography	• Distance and access to vaccination campaigns • Steep slopes and unlevel terrain in peri-urban areas • Large avenues in urban areas
	4.2 Local security and poor housing materials	• Poor housing material impedes keeping dogs within the house (i.e. they break loose). • Lack of animal care culture: dogs on the streets, finding their own food, not sterilized. This is worse in peri-urban area. • In peri-urban areas, where security is worse, people have multiple dogs–harder to manage in a vaccine campaign.	• Door to door campaign would facilitate process for those with multiple, possibly aggressive dogs–and dogs not used to having leashes