Table 1.
The alteration of Th subset cells in OA.
| T cells | Cytokines produced by T cells | Alterations in the OA | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Th1 cells | IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α | Peripheral blood | No | (45, 46) |
| Synovial fluid | Increase | (30, 31, 35) | ||
| Synovial membrane | Increase | (15, 38, 40, 49, 50) | ||
| Th2 cells | IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 | Peripheral blood | No | (30) |
| Synovial fluid | No | (30, 35, 48) | ||
| Synovial membrane | No | (38) | ||
| Th9 cells | IL-9 | Peripheral blood | Increase | (47, 58) |
| Synovial fluid | Increase | (58) | ||
| Synovial membrane | – | |||
| Th17 cells | IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22 | Peripheral blood | No | (45, 46) |
| Increase | (47, 68) | |||
| Synovial fluid | Increase | (31, 70) | ||
| Synovial membrane | Increase | (40, 69) | ||
| Th22 cells | IL-22 | Peripheral blood | No | (45, 46) |
| Synovial fluid | – | |||
| Synovial membrane | – | |||
| Treg cells | IL-10, TGF-β | Peripheral blood | Decrease | (11, 68, 78) |
| Synovial fluid | – | |||
| Synovial membrane | – | |||
| Follicular Helper T cells | CXCR5, PD-1, CD40L, Bcl-6, IL-21 | Peripheral blood | Increase | (83) |
| Synovial fluid | – | |||
| Synovial membrane | No | (82) | ||
| Cytotoxic T cells | Peripheral blood | Decrease | (84) | |
| Noa | (85) | |||
| Synovial fluid | Noa | (85) | ||
| Synovial membrane | Increase | (15, 35, 39, 86) | ||
IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TGF, transform growth factor; CXCR5, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 5; PD-1, programmed death 1; –, further investigations are needed; OA, osteoarthritis; Th, T helper; Treg, regulatory T.
aCD8+CD45RA+, CD8+CD29+, and CD8+S6F1+ cells.