Table 3.
Summary of direct antimicrobial effects of MSCs on bacterial, fungal, parasite, and viral pathogens.
| MSCs stimuli | Activity | Mechanism of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bacteria-stimulated BMSCs | Growth inhibition of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (S. aureus) | ↑ LL-37 | (19) |
| Unstimulated and bacteria-stimulated MenSCs and BMSCs | Growth inhibition of a mix of bacteria | ↑ Hepcidin | (20) |
| Unstimulated and stimulated BMSCs and AT-MSCs with inflammatory stimuli | Growth inhibition of Gram-negative (P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (S. aureus; S. pneumoniae) | ↑ LL-37 | (23) |
| Bacteria-stimulated UC-MSCs | Growth inhibition of Gram-negative (E. coli) | ↑ hBD-2 | (24) |
| Stimulated muBMSCs with inflammatory stimuli | Inhibition of bacteria growth | ↑ Lipocalin-2, ↑ Phagocytic activity | (26) |
| IFNγ-stimulated BMSCs | Growth inhibition of Gram positive (S. aureus; S. epidermidis; E. faecium; Group B streptococci) and parasite (Toxoplasma gondii), and reduction in virus replication (CMV and HSV-1) | ↑ IDO | (16) |
| muBMSCs producing IL-17 | Growth inhibition of Candida albicans | ↑ IL-17 | (32) |
MSCs, human mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs, bone marrow MSCs; muBMSCs, murine BMSCs; MenSCs, menstrual MSCs; AT-MSCs, adipose tissue MSCs; UC-MSCs, umbilical cord MSCs; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; hBD-2, human β-defensin-2; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; CMV, cytomegalovirus; HSV-1, herpes simplex virus type-1.