Table 5.
Summary of studies reporting direct antibacterial effect of MSCs by AMPs.
| Model | MSCs type/route | Pre-conditioning | In vitro findings | In vivo findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse model of Escherichia coli pneumonia (C57BL/6 mice) | BMSCs/it | E. coli | ↑ LL-37 | ↓ Bacterial growth in lungs and in BAL fluid | (19) |
| ↑ Inhibition of bacterial growth (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, S. aureus) | |||||
| Mouse model of CLP-induced sepsis (C57BL/6j mice) | MenSCs/ip | Unstimulated and stimulated with bacterial mix | ↑ Hepcidin ↑ Inhibition of bacterial growth |
↑ Survival | (20) |
| ↓ Lung injury | |||||
| ↑ Bacterial clearance in the peritoneal fluids and blood | |||||
| Modulation of inflammatory response | |||||
| Mouse model of cystic fibrosis (CFTRtmlKth mice) | BMSCs AT-MSCs/retro-orbital sinus | Unstimulated and stimulated with IFNγ, IL-1β, or IL-12 | ↑ LL-37 | ↓ Bacterial growth in BAL fluid | (23) |
| ↑ Inhibition of bacterial growth (P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; S. pneumoniae) | |||||
| Mouse model of E. coli pneumonia (ICR mice) | UC-MSCs/it | E. coli | ↑ hBD-2 ↑ Inhibition of bacterial growth (E. coli) |
↓ Alveolar congestion, hemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration, and wall thickening | (24) |
| ↓ Bacterial growth, protein concentrations and cytokine levels (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) in BAL fluid | |||||
| ↑ hBD-2 in BAL fluid | |||||
| Mouse model of Gram-negative pneumonia (C57BL/6 mice) | muBMSCs/it | LPS and TNFα | ↑ Lipocalin-2 ↑ Phagocytic activity |
↑ Survival | (26) |
| ↓ Lung injury | |||||
| ↑ Bacterial clearance from the alveolar space | |||||
| ↓ MIP-2, TNFα, and MPO in BAL fluid | |||||
| ↑ Lipocalin-2 in BAL fluid |
MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells; BMSCs, bone marrow MSCs; muBMSCs, murine BMSCs; MenSCs, menstrual MSCs; AT-MSCs, adipose tissue MSCs; UC-MSCs, umbilical cord MSCs; it, intratracheal; ip, intraperitoneal; CLP, cecal ligation and puncture; BAL, bronchoalveolar lavage; CM, conditioned media; IFNγ, interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; hBD-2, human β-defensin-2; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MIP-2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2; MPO, myeloperoxidase.