Table 1.

Summary of the investigated traits and the corresponding measurement methods.

Trait	Abbreviations	Units	Trait measurement	Data available
RSA-RELATED TRAITS IN THREE CULTURE SYSTEMS
Root dry weight	RDW	mg plant−1	Weighed after dried	In this study
The length of primary roots	PRL	cm	Measured with a ruler
The length of seminal roots	SRL	cm	Measured with a ruler
The number of seminal roots	SRN	number	Counted manually
The length of crown roots	CRL	cm	Measured with a ruler
The number of crown roots	CRN	number	Counted manually
The length of lateral roots	LRL	cm	Scanned using image analysis software
The lateral root density of primary root	LRDPR	cm−1	Number/length of primary roots
N EFFICIENCY RELATED TRAITS IN THE FIELD
N use efficiency	NUE	g/g	Grain yield/total amount of N supply	Li et al., 2015
N uptake efficiency	NupE	g/g	Total N uptake/total amount of N supply
N utilization efficiency	NutE	g/g	Grain yield/total N content
P EFFICIENCY RELATED TRAITS IN THE FIELD
P use efficiency	PUE	kg/kg	Grain yield/total amount of P available in soil	Gu et al., 2016
P uptake efficiency	PupE	kg/kg	Total P uptake/total amount of P available in soil
P utilization efficiency	PutE	kg/kg	Grain yield/Total P uptake