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. 2017 Feb 13;8(1):7. doi: 10.3390/jfb8010007

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© 2017 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(A) Tip-sample separation curve illustrating the main interaction during Atomic force microscopy (AFM) scanning. The AFM imaging modes for each regime are also shown. Graphical definition of (B) Average roughness $R_{a}$ and (C) Root Mean Square Roughness (RMS) Roughness ( $R_{q}$ ). This figure is freely inspired by [25].