Table 1.

Usage of HbV as a transfusion alternative (substitute for RBC transfusion).

Application	Animal Species	Brief Description of Main Results	References
Isovolemic hemodilution (repeated injection at hemorrhage)	Wistar rats	90% blood exchange with HbV suspended in HSA showed stable hemodynamics	[22]
	Syrian golden hamsters	80% blood exchange with HbV suspended in HSA showed stable hemodynamics and microvascular responses	[23,24]
	Wistar rats	40% blood exchange with HbV suspended in rHSA, and 14 days observation	[15]
	Wistar rats	60% blood exchange with a plasma expander (high Mw HES, low Mw HES, MFG, or rHSA) and subsequent injection of HbV (20 mL/kg)	[21]
Hemorrhagic shock	Wistar rats	50% blood withdrawal and resuscitation, 6 h observation	[25]
	Japanese white rabbits	Twice of 40% blood withdrawal and resuscitation	[26]
	New Zealand white rabbits	Withdrawing blood to a mean arterial blood pressure of 30–35 mm Hg, and resuscitation with HbV/rHSA	[27]
	Wistar rats	50% blood withdrawal and resuscitation, 14 days observation	[28]
	Lewis rats	40% blood withdrawal and resuscitation, 6 h observation showed absence of acute lung injury. One-year-stored HbV was used for resuscitation	[29]
	Beagle dogs	50% blood withdrawal and resuscitation. 4 h observation of hemodynamics	[30]
	Beagle dogs	40% blood withdrawal and resuscitation, one year safety observation	[31]
Uncontrolled hemorrhage	Wistar rats	Animals were heparinized and bled continuously from caudal artery. Injection of HbV suspended in HSA extended survival	[32]
Priming of ECMO	Wistar rats	Use of HbV for cardiopulmonary bypass priming prevented neurocognitive decline	[33]