Table 1.
Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults (HEIFA-2013) mean (SD) score 1 by socio-demographic subgroups.
| Total | Male | Female | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | N | Mean (SD) | ||
| Total Score | 9435 | 45.5 (14.7) | 4329 | 43.3 (14.7) | 5106 | 47.5 (14.4) | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | ||||||
| Age (year) | 18–24 | 780 | 41.6 (14.2) | 373 | 41 (14.5) | 407 | 42.2 (13.9) |
| 25–34 | 1617 | 43.7 (15) * | 747 | 41.9 (15.2) | 870 | 45.3 (14.6) * | |
| 35–44 | 1843 | 44.6 (14.7) | 846 | 42.5 (14.6) | 997 | 46.5 (14.5) | |
| 45–54 | 1660 | 46 (14.4) | 781 | 43.2 (14.5) | 879 | 48.5 (13.9) * | |
| 55–64 | 1432 | 46.9 (14.9) | 672 | 44 (15) | 760 | 49.4 (14.3) | |
| 65–74 | 1255 | 48.4 (14.5) | 561 | 45.6 (14.6) | 694 | 50.6 (14.1) | |
| 75+ | 848 | 47.3 (14) | 349 | 45.4 (14.1) | 499 | 48.6 (13.8) | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 121 | 43.9 (15.8) | 38 | 39.9 (14.6) | 83 | 45.7 (16.1) |
| 18.5–24.9 | 2736 | 46.5 (14.9) | 1059 | 44 (14.8) | 1677 | 48 (14.7) | |
| 25.0–29.9 | 2898 | 45.5 (14.9) | 1659 | 43.7 (14.7) | 1239 | 47.8 (14.8) | |
| ≥30.0 | 2203 | 44.1 (14.3) * | 1030 | 42.1 (14.5) * | 1173 | 45.9 (13.8) * | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001 | ||||
| SEIFA quintiles | 1-Lowest | 1778 | 43.7 (14.9) | 796 | 41.2 (15) | 982 | 45.8 (14.4) |
| 2 | 1961 | 44.8 (14.6) | 898 | 42.6 (14.7) | 1063 | 46.6 (14.2) | |
| 3 | 1873 | 45.1 (14.4) | 860 | 43 (14.3) | 1013 | 46.8 (14.2) | |
| 4 | 1666 | 46.4 (14.9) | 795 | 44.3 (14.9) | 871 | 48.4 (14.7) | |
| 5-Highest | 2157 | 47.5 (14.6) | 980 | 44.8 (14.6) | 1177 | 49.6 (14.2) | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| COB | Australia | 6714 | 44.2 (14.6) | 3043 | 41.7 (14.5) | 3671 | 46.2 (14.4) |
| English speaking 2 | 1155 | 45.7 (15) * | 561 | 42.8 (14.9) | 594 | 48.4 (14.5) * | |
| Others | 1566 | 51.4 (13.7) * | 725 | 50 (14) * | 841 | 52.7 (13.3) * | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Smoker | Yes | 1785 | 40 (14.2) | 931 | 37.9 (14.1) | 854 | 42.3 (13.9) |
| No | 7650 | 46.8 (14.5) | 3398 | 44.7 (14.6) | 4252 | 48.5 (14.3) | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Diabetes status | No | 8844 | 45.4 (14.8) | 4019 | 43 (14.7) | 4825 | 47.3 (14.5) |
| Yes | 591 | 48.4 (13.8) | 310 | 46.8 (14.5) | 281 | 50.2 (12.7) | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||||
| Misreporting 3 | Under-reporting | 1607 | 47.1 (12.4) | 730 | 45.5 (13) | 877 | 48.4 (11.6) |
| Plausible report | 6263 | 45 (15.2) * | 3017 | 42.8 (15) | 3246 | 47.1 (15.2) | |
| Over-reporting | 139 | 44.5 (15.5) | 68 | 41.2 (14.9) | 71 | 47.5 (15.6) | |
| No valid measurement | 1426 | 46.2 (14.6) | 514 | 42.8 (15) | 912 | 48.2 (14) | |
| p ^ | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.048 | ||||
BMI: Body Mass Index; SEIFA: Socio-Economic Index for Area of disadvantage; COB: Country of Birth; 1 HEIFA-2013: Healthy Eating Index for Australian Adults, estimates adjusted for energy (kJ). The potential range of HEIFA-2013 score was 0–100; 2 English speaking countries include New Zealand, United Kingdom, Ireland, United States of America, Canada or South Africa; 3 Misreporting: the Goldberg cut-off method (energy intake: basal metabolic rate) was used to identify potential under-reporters (<0.87), over-reporters (>2.67) and plausible reporters (0.87–2.67); ^ p: Student’s t-test for gender, diabetes and smoking status and ANOVA analysis for differences for each group; * p < 0.05 from post hoc test (Bonferroni) indicates significant differences from the above category.