Table 1.
Number of females, males, and sex ratio of Hypothenemus hampei reared in artificial diets with and without antibiotics; Means ± SE and F: M ratio per vial for F1, F5, and F10 generations.
| Diet | Generation (F1) | ||
| Females | Males | Sex Ratio | |
| control | 20.8 ± 1.8 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 10.2 ± 0.8 a |
| penicillin | 20.6 ± 3.4 | 2.8 ± 0.4 | 8.80 ± 1.2 a |
| tetracycline | 17.5 ± 2.5 | 3.5 ± 0.4 | 10.3 ± 1.7 a |
| Statistics | Z = 61.0/p = 0.04 a * | Z = 7.29/p < 0.77 a | F = 0.4/p = 0.66 b |
| Generation (F5) | |||
| Females | Males | Sex Ratio | |
| control | 62.0 ± 4.9 | 9.4 ± 0.6 | 31.0 ± 2.4 b |
| penicillin | 39.1 ± 4.8 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 19.5 ± 2.4 a |
| tetracycline | 27.1 ± 3.5 | 6.2 ± 0.7 | 13.5 ± 1.7 a |
| Statistics | Z = 1.05/p < 0.001 a *** | Z = 30.5/p < 0.001 a *** | F = 16.13/p < 0.001 b *** |
| Generation (F10) | |||
| Females | Males | Sex Ratio | |
| control | 84.2 ± 5.1 | 11.3 ± 0.8 | 42.1 ± 2.5 b |
| penicillin | 98.3 ± 8.6 | 10.9 ± 0.8 | 49.2 ± 4.3 b |
| tetracycline | 52.5 ± 7.2 | 9.1 ± 1.1 | 26.5 ± 3.6 a |
| Statistics | Z = 182.0/p < 0.001 a *** | Z = 36.45/p = 0.74 a | F = 10.81/p = 0.0001 b *** |
a = Values based on generalized linear models; b = Values based on ANOVA tests. Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (p = 0.05, Post-hoc Tukey’s test). *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05; p < 0.1.