Table 1.
Comparison of demographic and physiological indicators between the Korean Americans (≥35 years old) with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (A1C ≥7.0%) at baseline in our clinical study, the comparison group (Americans with the same conditions as Korean Americans), and the standard group (Americans with A1C <5.7% and not being diagnosed of diabetes, pre-diabetes or type 1 diabetes) in the NHANES
| Indicators\groups | Korean Americans* (n=249) | Comparison group† |
Standard group‡ (n=6880) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n=1707) | Whites (n=537) | Blacks (n=574) | Mexican Americans (n=314) | Hispanic (n=161) | Others (n=121) | |||
| Male (%) | 56.6 | 51.0 | 53.2 | 45.5 | 54.3 | 46.1 | 49.5 | 48.1 |
| Age, mean (SE) (years) | 58.3 (0.5) | 58.4 (0.4) | 60.5 (0.6) | 56.7 (0.6) | 54.5 (1.0) | 52.7 (1.5) | 57.2 (1.6) | 51.6 (0.3) |
| Married (%) | 89.6 | 59.0 | .62.6 | .44.7 | 59.6 | 56.8 | 73.7 | 65.4 |
| Living alone (%) | 6.0 | 16.1 | 18.6 | 18.5 | 9.1 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 14.1 |
| Working full/part-time (%) | 59.5 | 44.8 | 43.1 | 44.9 | 50.1 | 39.0 | 55.4 | 68.0 |
| Education | ||||||||
| <High school graduate (%) | 13.7 | 28.5 | 18.9 | 32.1 | 70.2 | 51.1 | 18.5 | 14.2 |
| High school graduate (%) | 36.1 | 25.8 | 30.1 | 25.8 | 13.1 | 13.2 | 19.6 | 22.0 |
| ≥College graduate (%) | 50.2 | 45.7 | 51.0 | 42.1 | 16.7 | 35.8 | 62.0 | 63.8 |
| Income (federal poverty line) | ||||||||
| ≤138% | 38.0 | 29.8 | 23.0 | 31.0 | 55.1 | 51.6 | 29.2 | 16.4 |
| ≤250% | 29.1 | 24.1 | 21.7 | 28.0 | 28.8 | 24.0 | 26.4 | 17.1 |
| ≤400% | 17.4 | 18.8 | 21.3 | 22.5 | 7.1 | 12.6 | 9.8 | 21.3 |
| >400% | 15.5 | 27.3 | 34.0 | 18.5 | 9.0 | 11.8 | 34.6 | 45.2 |
| Health insurance (%) | 52.2 | 84.3 | 90.9 | 84.1 | 55.3 | 73.8 | 81.1 | 85.4 |
| BMI, mean (SE) | 25.4 (0.2) | 32.2 (0.3) | 32.8 (0.5) | 32.9 (0.4) | 31.5 (0.5) | 31.7 (0.6) | 28.6 (1.2) | 27.8 (0.1) |
| Normal (BMI <25) | 47.4 | 16.1 | 14.6 | 14.6 | 12.7 | 11.8 | 39.5 | 32.3 |
| Overweight (BMI<30) | 45.8 | 24.2 | 21.4 | 25.8 | 32.6 | 30.9 | 23.6 | 38.1 |
| Obese (BMI ≥30) | 6.8 | 59.7 | 64.0 | 59.6 | 54.7 | 57.3 | 36.9 | 28.6 |
| A1C (%), mean (SE) | 8.8 (0.1) | 8.6 (0.1) | 8.3 (0.1) | 8.9 (0.1) | 9.1 (0.1) | 9.1 (0.3) | 8.7 (0.2) | 5.3 (0.0) |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SE) | 193 (2.9) | 193 (1.7) | 187 (2.4) | 196 (3.0) | 206 (3.5) | 206 (6.5) | 193 (7.6) | 205 (0.8) |
| Normal (<200) | 59.6 | 59.4 | 59.6 | 65.6 | 55.0 | 45.5 | 40.3 | 47.3 |
| Borderline (200–239) | 26.4 | 26.5 | 24.2 | 20.5 | 30.1 | 29.9 | 35.4 | 35.8 |
| High (≥240) | 14.0 | 14.1 | 16.2 | 13.9 | 14.9 | 24.6 | 24.3 | 16.9 |
| Triglyceride status (mg/dL) | 191 (12.8) | 240 (8.5) | 250 (11.4) | 170 (7.2) | 276 (22.3) | 265 (26.0) | 252 (29.7) | 151 (2.0) |
| Normal (<150) | 50.6 | 37.8 | 35.2 | 56.1 | 31.7 | 33.7 | 27.0 | 64.3 |
| Borderline (150–199) | 22.5 | 16.9 | 17.6 | 17.1 | 18.1 | 11.9 | 14.5 | 15.5 |
| High (≥200) | 26.9 | 45.3 | 47.2 | 26.8 | 50.2 | 54.4 | 58.5 | 21.2 |
| Blood pressure, SBP/DBP (mg/Hg) | 133/78 | 130/71 | 131/70 | 134/73 | 129/71 | 127/73 | 126/72 | 121/72 |
| <120/80 | 37.3 | 29.8 | 30.0 | 25.2 | 31.4 | 36.4 | 33.1 | 45.8 |
| ≤139/89 | 39.4 | 46.1 | 44.5 | 48.1 | 49.4 | 47.1 | 48.8 | 44.2 |
| ≥140/90 | 23.3 | 24.1 | 25.5 | 26.7 | 19.2 | 16.5 | 18.1 | 10.0 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 160 (3.8) | 188 (2.9) | 181 (3.9) | 193 (6.5) | 212 (6.9) | 202 (11.5) | 176 (7.5) | 92 (0.2) |
| Normal (<100) (%) | 9.2 | 9.2 | 08.8 | 14.2 | 04.5 | 09.1 | 8.4 | 79.2 |
| Pre-diabetes (≤125) (%) | 23.3 | 11.7 | 12.0 | 09.5 | 10.2 | 18.5 | 10.4 | 18.5 |
| Diabetes (>125) (%) | 67.5 | 79.1 | 79.2 | 76.3 | 85.3 | 72.4 | 81.2 | 2.3 |
| Years having diabetes | 8.1 (0.5) | 10.6 (0.4) | 10.6 (0.6) | 11.0 (0.5) | 10.4 (0.7) | 9.3 (0.8) | 10.4 (1.5) | – |
| On oral medication, % | 63.1 | 47.4 | 49.8 | 42.8 | 47.5 | 44.2 | 44.0 | – |
| On insulin, % | 4.2 | 23.2 | 27.1 | 20.4 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 17.0 | – |
*At baseline and unweighted statistics.
†Weighted statistics for N=11 767 732.
‡Weighted statistics for N=80 651 898.
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SBP, Systolic blood pressure.